Westlund Technology
| After 25 years of research, Westlund Technology has discovered the "One Process" that converts Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical Energy. We have been using this Process to produce minute amounts of Electrical Energy, and have the expertise to expand this discovery into an economical means of producing commercial amounts of clean electrical energy. However, the technology required to complete this project is beyond our capacity. The WT-Theory that led to the "One Process" has also, led to the secrets of Nanotechnology. It will also, change many present scientific explanation. Three of these changes are: "The Explanation of the Thermocouple's Operation"; "The Explanation of How Lightning is Produced"; and the reason there is "One Process" that violates the "Second law of Thermodynamics". The acceptance of the WT-Theory will lead to many important discoveries. |
These devices based on the WT-Theory,
will produce electrical energy more
efficiently than:
- Wind Generators
- Solar Power
- Biomass Generators
- Alternate Fuels
- Nuclear Generators
The other advantages of these devices and
the WT-Theory are:
the WT-Theory are:
- Reduce air pollution
- Reduce Global Warming
- An explanation of Nanotechnolgy
- An explanation of Lightning Strikes
- An explanation of Thermocouples
- An explanation of Mutual Molecular
Attraction Forces - Free Energy
| For additional information concerning this Report and other discoveries, Please Contact: westlund@frazmtn.com |
NANOTECHNOLOGY: WHY EXPERIMENTS WITH MINUTE SIZED PARTICLES PRODUCE UNEXPECTED
RESULTS.
ALSO
THE "ONE PROCESS" THAT VIOLATES THE "SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS". THIS HAS BEEN
DISCOVERED, VERIFIED, AND IGNORED FOR THE PAST 200 YEARS.
The Reports use the term "The Direction of the Flow of Electrons" because Current Flow is in the wrong direction. Thus, Current
Flow causes confusion.
I have all of the Supplies and Equipment to conduct these Experiments. It is recommended that you contact me or send a
representative to witness these Experiments. They are all guaranteed to work exactly as stated, but they may not work in areas
that have high humidity or some other problems. Our laboratory is located at an elevation of 5,000 ft.
The WT-Theory is extremely important. It will explain Nanotechnolgy and change many Scientific Theories. "Section II" explains
why Charge Electrons are pulled to a Masses surface instead of being pushed. This small difference completely changes
everything.
We are certain that the WT-Theory will lead to a Device that will economically convert Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical
Energy. This will become "The World's Primary Source of Energy"; reduce air pollution; and reduce global warming. It will
change the world.
If you find sections of "This Report" that are difficult to follow, please contact me and I will "Walk you through them.
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
Recently, Scientists have been conducting experiments using extremely small particles. These experiments have produced
some unexpected results that could lead to new materials; a new understanding of science; and many useful devices. The
government has committed one billion dollars on this research.
The size of these minute particles is measured in nanometers. One nanometer (nano) = 1 x 10-9 meters. As an example: the
diameter of an average human hair is 800,000 nanos. Research in this field is referred to as Nanotechnology.
As an example of the unusual actions of nano-particles, a Gecko is able to defy gravity by walking on the underside of a glass
plate. Scientists believe that they are able to do this because their feet are covered by millions of nano-size hairs. Flies and
other insects are able to defy gravity for the same reason. Unfortunately, scientist are completely unable to explain why there is
an Attraction Force between the glass plate and the nano-size hairs.
For the past 25 years, WT has been conducting research on the "Outer Fringes" of Nanotechnology, and are certain that we are
able to explain its unique actions. Westlund Technology consists of myself and an angle-business manager.
One of WT's discovery is that there is an Attraction Force between very Thin Metal Plates and Thick Metal Plates. Thus, when a
Thin Metal Plate is placed between two 1/4" Thick Metal Plates, of the same metal, and insulated by a porous dielectric, Charge
Electrons are pulled from the Thin Metal Plate to the Thick Metal Plate. This produces an Attraction Force between the Plates,
and transfers Charge Electrons from the Thin Plate to the Thick Plates. Thus, a Differential Voltage is produced between the
Plates. This is a violation of the "Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Attraction Force increases as the thickness of the Thin
Plate decreases. This is Nanotechnology. See "Section VII" for more details.
Mr. Bushman discovered a similar action occurs between Sharp Metal Points and Thick Metal Plates. It is similar to the Gecko's
foot. See "Section IX" for more details.
There is a very logical explanation for these Attraction Forces. However, it requires a complete reevaluation of the relationship
between masses and Charge Electrons. Once the "WT-Theory of Charge Electrons" is accepted the actions produced by the
Nanotechology experiments, and practically everything else, is logically explained. The "WT-Theory" is science-shattering. It will
lead to a device that will economically convert Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical Energy. Several Devices are now
producing minute amounts of Electrical Energy by the conversion of Ambient Heat Energy
SECTION II
THE SOURCE OF THE ATTRACTION FORCES
When it was discovered that a molecule had an equal number of Orbital Electrons and Protons, it was assumed that the Orbital
Electrons completely canceled the Proton's Attraction Forces for Electrons. Thus, if a mass had any Charge Electrons on its
surface, they had to be pushed to its surface. This is the "Present Theory of the Relationship Between Molecules and Charge
Electrons".
If there are no Charge Electrons on a Masses' surface, it should be impossible to rub them from the Mass. However, many
unusual actions are explained by Charge Electrons being rubbed off of a Mass. Several examples are Lightning, and the
Attraction Force that is developed by a Wool Cloth rubbing Charge Electrons from a Nylon Rod.
Example: After a Nylon Rod has been stroked by a Wool Cloth, the Nylon Rod will exert an Attract Force on small pieces of paper,
from a distance of several inches. The question has always been, where did the Charge Electrons come from that have been
rubbed off of the Nylon Rod. Actually, this is the same action that allows a Gecko to defy gravity, but the explanation is more
logical. It is explained later in this Report.
Many experiments conducted by WT, and by Jean Peltier (1800) indicate that masses exerted Attraction Forces for Charge
Electrons, and the strength of these Attraction Forces varies. Some metals have stronger Attraction Forces than others. Also,
larger masses, of the same metal, have stronger Attraction Forces than smaller masses.
The "WT-Theory of the Relationship Between Molecules and Charge Electrons" is based on the belief that Proton's and
Electron's actions are similar to that of a magnet's north and south poles. If the Protons and Electrons are analyzed in this
manner, it becomes apparent that the Proton's Attraction Forces are not completely canceled by their Orbital Electrons. The
Proton's Surplus Attraction Forces (Psaf's) will exert Attraction Forces on Charge Electrons or the surrounding molecules' Orbital
Electrons. This is the basis for the belief that Charge Electrons are pulled to a masses surface This Attraction Force concurs
with the Attraction Forces that have been observed in the Nanotechnology experiments and many other experiments. It also,
explain Mutual Molecular Attraction Forces, Gravity, and much more.
When it is analyzed logically, it appears completely illogical to believe that all of the Proton's Attraction Forces are canceled by the
disbursed, surrounding field of its Orbital Electrons. Some of the Proton's Attraction Forces must escape through the gaps in the
Orbital Electrons. This is why there are "Proton's Surplus Attraction Forces" (Psaf's). Hundreds of experiments concur with the
"WT-Theory" and not the "Present Theory".
Fortunately, it is possible to conclusively prove the "WT-Theory" is correct by repeating the Thick and Thin Plate Experiment in
"Section VII". As the Thin Plate is replaced by Plates that are incrementally reduced in thickness. Thus, the Differential Voltage
produced is incrementally increased . An extremely thin Plate will produce a Differential Voltage that is much larger than could be
produced by any other means. This should be sufficient proof that the WT-Theory is correct.
In our latest Experiment, the Thin Plate is 0.0003" thick and produces a Differential Voltage of 0.560 volts. This should be
sufficient to prove that the WT Theory is correct, but a larger Differential Voltage will convince even the most skeptical person.
This is a very easy experiment to conduct. However, I need help obtaining a substantially thinner metal plate. Conducting this
one experiment with a thinner metal plate will change the scientific world.
THE AVERAGE AMBIENT CHARGE
There is an existing theory that all masses are surrounded by an Ambient Charge of 2.5 million volts. This Ambient Charge
Electrons does not completely cancel the Psaf's. It is the average disbursement of the Earth's total number of Charge Electrons.
It is probably based on the theory that there is a maximum Positive and Negative Voltage.
A Positive Voltage is produced by removing Charge Electrons from the Ambient Charge. Thus, it should be impossible to
produce a Positive Voltage greater than 2.5 million volts, as there would be no more Charge Electrons to remove
A Negative Voltage is produced by increasing the density of Charge Electron above the Ambient Charge. Thus, there is a
maximum Negative Voltage. The Charge of the Negative Voltage plus the Ambient Charge cannot exceed the "Proton's Surplus
Attraction Forces". There would no longer be sufficient Attraction Forces to pull any more Charge Electrons to a Masses surface.
THE EXPLANATION OF PROTON'S SURPLUS ATTRACTION FORCES (Psaf's)
See "Drawing #1 & #2"
The easiest way to explain Psaf's is to compare them with the attraction forces between a magnet and an iron ball.
In View #1, there is a Magnet #1, an Iron Keeper #3 and an Iron Ball #5. There is practically no Attraction Force between the Iron
Ball and the Magnet because Iron Keeper #3 is in contact with the Magnet.
In View #2, non-magnetic Spacer #7 has been placed between the Keeper and the Magnet. There is now an Attraction force
between the Magnet and the Iron Ball. If the thickness of the Spacer is increased, the Attraction Force between the Magnet and
the Iron Ball will be increased. This is the same type of relationship that exists between the Protons and the Charge Electrons or
the adjacent molecules' Orbital Electrons.
In "Drawing #2", the Electron's Mutual Repelling Force #9 keeps the Orbital Electrons from being tight against Protons #13. This
force acts the same as Space #7. Thus, all of the Proton's Attraction Forces are not canceled. There are Surplus Attraction
Forces #15 between the Protons and the Charge Electrons. These are the "Proton's Surplus Attraction Forces" (Psaf's). They
are pronounced Safs.
SUMMARY
The fact there are two different "Theories" is the reason WT has discovered the Differential Voltages. They cannot be explained
by the "Present Theory". At present, it is only possible to detect these Differential Voltages using extremely thin metal plates.
Also, a very sensitive voltmeter is required.
It appears that this discovery has academic value only, but it is possible to amplify the Electrical Energy produced. It also,
explains Nanotechnology and hundreds of other useful phenomena. It has the possibility of changing the scientific world
It is necessary to choose which "Theory" is correct. The "WT Theory" appears to be extremely logical. In the "Present Theory", an
Orbital Electron on one of the molecule's outer rings must completely cancel the Attraction force of a Proton that is in the
molecule's center. This is very difficult to visualize. Choose carefully! It is extremely important.
THE PRESENT THEORY - The "Presently Accepted Theory of the Relationship Between a Molecule and Charge Electrons" is that
the Protons' Attraction Forces for Electrons are completely canceled by its Orbital Electrons. This is the basis for the belief that
Charge Electrons are pushed to a masses surface.
THE "WT-THEORY" - The "WT-Theory of the Relationship Between a Molecule and Charge Electrons" is that the Protons'
Attraction Force for Electrons are only partially canceled by its Orbital Electrons. This is the basis for the belief that Charge
Electrons are pulled to a masses surface. This is much more logical
Thus, there is the "Present Theory" and the "WT-Theory". Conducting the Experiment that will conclusively prove that the
"WT-Theory" is correct is extremely important. When the "WT-Theory" is proven to be correct most of the present scientific
theories will need to be reevaluated. Many theories will be completely revised. Fortunately, the Experiment in "Section VII" will
conclusively prove which Theory is correct. The only problem will be obtaining extremely thin metal sheets. This is where we
need assistance.
The following are some of the pending discoveries:
1. The actions in the Nanotechnology experiments will be completely explained.
2. There is "One Process" that violates "Second Law of Thermodynamics", otherwise the "Law" is correct.
3. It is be possible to build a Device that will economically convert Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical or Mechanical
Energy. WT has several plans. This will be the "Primary Source of Energy". It will stop global warming and reduce air pollution.
4. It will be possible to explain most of nature's unexplained phenomena, such as lightning, tornadoes, the flow of sap, and
much more.
SECTION III
SUMMARY OF A PORTION OF THE WT-THEORY
The WT-Theory is based on the belief that a molecule's Proton's Attraction Forces are not completely canceled by it Orbital
Electrons. The following is part of the "Theory":
1. Every mass is surrounded by approximately 2.5 million volts of Charge Electrons. This is the mass's Ambient Charge.
2. The molecule's Proton's attraction forces for Electrons are not completely canceled by the molecule's own Orbital Electrons.
Thus, there are "Proton's Surplus Attraction Forces" (Psaf's) that exerts an attraction force on the surrounding Charge Electrons
or the adjacent molecule's Orbital Electrons. This is an inward pulling force that pulls Charge Electrons and the adjacent
molecule's Orbital Electrons to a mass's surface. It has been named "Proton's Surplus Attraction Forces" (Psaf's), and is
pronounced Safs.
3. The amount of a molecule's Proton's Attraction Force that is canceled by its Orbital Electrons varies due to the molecule's
construction. Thus, identical size masses of different materials usually have different Ambient Charges. This is true for both
metal masses and dielectric masses.
4. A Masses' Ambient Charge is determined by the sum of each molecules Psaf's when they are extended to the Masses'
surface. Thus, Masses with a stronger Psaf's on its surface will have larger Ambient Charges. The Psaf's may be due to the
molecule's construction or due to the Masses size or temperature.
It is undetermined whether the Psaf's in the center of a mass pull through the molecules closer to the surface, or progressively
alter the molecules closer to the surface. Either way the Psaf's on a masses' surface increases as the thickness increases.
This is true for both metal masses and dielectric masses.
5. A Masses' Ambient Voltage is equal to its Ambient Charge. If the Ambient Charge is increased, its Ambient Voltage is
increased. If the Ambient Charge is decreased, its Ambient Voltage will be decreased.
6. If two metal Plates with different Ambient Charges, are isolated and left to stand for a period of time, they will each reach their
equilibrium condition with their Ambient Charge by either absorbing Charge Electrons from the surrounding environment, or
rejecting them to the surrounding environment. Their Ambient Charge may have been determined by their molecular
construction or by their size.
7. If the masses are electrically connected, Orbital Electrons will flow from the mass with the higher Ambient Voltage to the mass
with the lower Ambient Voltage, until their Voltages are Equalized. Thus, if they are periodically connected, there will be a brief
flow of Orbital Electrons between them.
The same actions will occur with dielectric masses, but the flow of Charge electrons will be much slower.
8. If two Metal Plates with different Ambient Voltages are placed close together, parallel, and separated by a Porous Dielectric,
the same action as in #7 will occur, but much faster.
The thickness of the Porous Dielectric must be sufficient to stop the flow of Orbital Electrons. Charge Electrons flow at a faster
rate on the edges of dielectric materials.
9. Charges on a Dielectric Mass flow very slowly, but they do flow. Thus, if a single Dielectric Mass has different size sections,
such as a fly with very thin sections (legs) and a large section (body), the Charge on all of its surfaces will be equal, but time will
be required for the Charges to equalize. The reason a Gecko is able to defy gravity is explained in "Section X".
10. The Charges on all sections of a Metal Mass will also be equal, but they will be equalized very quickly. "Mr. Bushman's
Device" has a section with Sharp Points attached to a Thick Plate. The Charge on the Tips of the Sharp Points and the Thick
Plate are equal to the Charge on the Tip's. See "Section IX"
11. Because of the actions described in the previous paragraphs, the Charge on all sections of a Mass may be easily
decreased if the Mass has a section with Sharp Points, and a means of rapidly transferring them.
12. In the Thermocouple there is a flow of Orbital Electrons from a Metal with stronger Psaf's to a Metal with weaker Psaf's. The
voltage of each Orbital Electron is increased as it flows from one Metal to the other because the Charge on the Metal with the
lower Psaf's has been increased. (When the Metals are connected, their Charges are equalized. This will increase the Charge
on the Metal with the lower Psaf's). The energy input required to increase the Orbital Electron's voltage is from the absorption of
Ambient Heat Energy. Thus, the Junction will become colder. The reverse is also true. When Orbital Electrons flow from the
Metal with the weaker Psaf's to the Metal with the strong Psaf's the voltage of each Orbital Electron is decreased as it flows. This
Junction will then reject Ambient Heat Energy as the Orbital Electron's voltage is reduced. The Junction will become warmer.
13. One molecule's Psaf's exerting an Attraction Force on the adjacent molecule's Orbital Electrons is the elusive "Glue" that
holds masses together. It is the unexplained "Mutual Molecular Attraction Forces". These forces are also known as "Van der
Waal's Attraction Forces" or "Gravity".
14. In molecules that have unusual construction, some Orbital Electrons are further from the Protons, in some locations. When
the Orbital Electrons are further from the Protons their Psaf's are increased. Thus, there are increased Psaf's in some of the
molecule's surface. When molecules are orientated with their areas of increased Psaf's adjacent, the material's strength is
increased. This is the reason for the increased strength of materials made from Carbon Strands".
15. There is "One Process" that converts Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical Energy. It occurs in Peltier's Experiments;
Thermocouples; the "WT Thick and Thin Plate Device"; "Mr. Bushman's Sharp Points and Thick Plates Device"; the "Van de Graaff
Generator"; and many more. When Electrons are transferred from an area with weak Psaf's to areas with stronger Psaf's their
voltage is increased by the absorption of Ambient Heat Energy. This is the "One Process" that violates the "Second Law".
16. There is "One Action" that will greatly increase the flow of Charge Electrons between two Masses. This "One Action" will
make the "Thick and Thin Plate Device" an economical means of producing Electrical Energy. It is being withheld at this time.
17. There is much more to the "WT Theory".
18. The term "Protons Surplus Attraction Force's" (PSAF's) has been used for the past five years. It appears that a better term
would be "Protons Uncancelled Attraction Forces" (PUAFs).
SECTION IV
CHARGING A CAPACITOR USING PELTIER'S Emf.
See "Drawing #3"
OBJECTIVE
To produce a significant Charge in Capacitor #3 of the Experimental Device shown in "Drawing #3". The exact amount of the
Charge is not important as there are more accurate means of determining the difference in the metals Emfs,
BACKGROUND
Jean Peltier (1800) discovered that different metals have different Ambient Charges. Thus, when they were isolated, a
Differential Voltage between the metals is developed. This Differential Voltage can be used to Charge a capacitor. He never
understood why there was a Differential Voltage, but he conducted many import experiments. He called it an Electron Gas.
He also, discovered that the Differential Voltage changes when the temperature changes. This is the principle that is used in the
Thermocouple.
THEORY
1. Metal Plates have Ambient Charges. Usually there is a slight difference in their Ambient Charges. The Ambient Charges are
known as Peltier's Electromotive forces. (Emf's). This is actually their Ambient Voltage.
2. When two Plates with different Ambient Voltages are connected, their Charges and Voltages are equalized by a flow of Orbital
Electrons from the Plate with the Higher Ambient Charge (#1) to the Plate with the Lower Ambient Charge (#2).. This flow of
Orbital Electrons continues until both Plates have a Charge equal to Plate #1's Ambient Charge.
3. The flow of Electrons between the two Plates operates as follows:
A. The Charge Electrons on Plate #1 are converted into Orbital Electrons, and flow from Plate #1 to Plate #2 as Orbital Electrons.
B. They are converted back into Charge Electrons at Plate #2.
C. Since the Electrons flow through Capacitor #3, the Orbital Electrons that flow into the Capacitor are not the same Orbital
Electrons that flow out. This is the action that Charges the Capacitor.
4. When both Plate's Charges are equalized, the Charges on Plate #2 will be increased to a Charge that is higher than its
Ambient Charge, and the Charge on Plate #1 will be reduced to a Charge that is lower than its Ambient Charge. The Capacitor is
partially charged. The following action will occur:
A. Plate #2 will be continually, slowly releasing Charge Electrons to the surrounding environment, because its Charge is now
higher than its Ambient Charge.
B. Plate #1 will be continually, slowly absorbing Charge Electrons from the surrounding environment, because its Charge is now
lower than its Ambient Charge.
C. Orbital Electrons will slowly flow from Plate #1 to Plate #2, as Charge Electrons are slowly released by Plate #2 and
absorbed by Plate #1. This will slowly increase the Charge on Capacitor #3.
D. Because the Orbital Electrons are flowing into the Capacitor are not the same ones that flow out of the Capacitor, the
Capacitor will gradually develop a Charge. The flow of Orbital Electrons will stop when the Capacitor's Charge is equal to
the difference in the two Plate's Ambient Charges. Thus, at equilibrium, the Capacitor's Charge will be equal to the
difference in the Plates' Emfs. The Charge on Plate #2 will be reduced to its Ambient Charge, and the Ambient Charge on
Plate #1 will be increased to its Ambient Charge.
At equilibrium, the Ambient Charge on Plate #2 plus the Capacitor's Charge will be equal to Plate #1's Ambient Charge. The
energy that produces the Capacitor's Charge is from the absorption of Ambient Heat Energy.
5. Capacitor #3 may be discharged by placing a voltmeter's leads across the positive and negative terminals of the Capacitor.
6. Because Electrons are flowing, and there are resistances, the Capacitor's Charge will always be slightly lower than the
difference in the Plates' Ambient Charges.
7. The only means of determining the actual difference in the Plate's Ambient Charges is by using extremely large areas and the
reverse Emf procedure.
EQUIPMENT
1. Plate #1 was an 8" x 12" x 1/4" Aluminum Plate. It has the higher Ambient Charge (Emf)
2. Plate #2 was a 6" x 12" x 3/16" thick Steel Plate. It has the lower Ambient
Charge (Emf).
3. Capacitor #3 had a capacitance of 0.1 uf. It was connected between Plate #1 & Plate #2.
4. Two Pole switch #4 allowed voltmeter #5 to be quickly connected across the Capacitor's terminals.
5. Voltmeter #5 had an impedance of approximately 100 megohms.
The room temperature was 22o C. plus or minus 1o C.
6. A cardboard box was placed over the Plates to eliminate the effects of light, and help maintain a constant temperature.
PROCEDURE
1. Switch #4 was left open for 10 minutes
2. The switch was closed and the initial voltage was noted. It varied from 40 mv. to 70 mv. The voltage decreased to zero in a
few seconds.
3. Steps #1 & #2 were repeated many times. The results were always the same.
4. The Direction of the Flow of Electrons was always from the Aluminum Plate to the Steel Plate.
SUMMARY
1. The fact that the Capacitor's initial voltage varied was not an important factor. If the size of the Plates had been extremely large
and the Capacitor's capacitance had been increased, there would have been much less variation in the initial voltages. The
important fact is that a Charge was always produced, and the Flow of Electrons was always from the Aluminum Plate to the Steel
Plate.
2. There is leakage in Capacitors, and since the rate of charging the Capacitor is slow, there is a point where the rate of
charging is equal to the rate of leakage. Thus, the Capacitor's initial Charge was much lower than the actual Difference in the
Plate's Ambient Charges.
3. This experiment led to the discovery of an improved means of transferring Charge Electrons from Plate #1 to Plate #2.
4. This is the most effective means of detecting and explaining Peltier's Emf.
5. "The Important Factors" are:
A. The voltage of the two Plates are equalized when they are connected.
B. The Plate (#2) with the lower Emf will release Charge Electrons to the surrounding environment, because its Charge has
been increased above its Ambient Charge.
C. The Charge Electrons that have been released by Plate #2 will be replaced by a flow of Electrons, from Plate #1, through the
Capacitor, to Plate #2.
D. The Electrons that flow out of the Capacitor are not the same ones that flow into the Capacitor. Thus, the Capacitor is
Charged as Electrons flow in and out of the Capacitor.
E. The releasing of Charge Electrons by Plate #2; the Absorbing of Charge Electrons by Plate #1; and the flow of Orbital
Electrons from Plate #1 to Plate #2 will stop when the Capacitor's Charge is equal to the Difference in the Plate's Emfs
F. Ambient Heat Energy is absorbed as Electrons flow into Plate #2. The amount of Ambient Heat that is absorbed is equal to
the amount of Electrical Energy stored in the Capacitor.
SECTION V
EXPERIMENT II
A MORE EFFICIENT MEANS OF UTILIZING PELTIER'S Emf
See "Drawing #4"
THEORY
1. Releasing and attracting Charge Electrons to and from the surrounding environment is slow because of the large distance to
the surrounding environment.
2. The same number of Charge Electrons are attracted to Plate #1 as are released from Plate #2. Therefore, if the Plate that is
releasing the Charge Electrons is close to the Plate that is attracting Charge Electrons, the Charge Electrons will be pushed
from one Plate and pulled to the other Plate. This will be much faster. The Plates should be placed parallel and as close
together as possible, without allowing Orbital Electrons to flow between the Plates.
3. Previous experiments indicate that Charge Electrons flow at a faster rate on the edges of dielectric materials and that there
are probably some dielectric materials that are more efficient than others. Therefore, if the Plates are separated by a Porous
Dielectric, the Charge Electrons will flow at a faster rate on the edges of the Porous Dialectic's holes.
4. There are two more factor that will significantly increase the rate of transferring Charge Electrons. They will not be disclosed
at this time. These are the factors that will make this Device into a Device that will economically convert Ambient heat Energy
directly into Electrical Energy. We need help!
5. Placing the Plates in a stack requires less room. Thus, large areas of Plates require only a few cubic feet.
DESCRIPTION & EXPLANATION OF EXPERIMENT #2"
The "Stack" consists of the following:
An 8" x 12" x 1/4" thick Aluminum Plate
Three layers of 9" x 13" nylon window screen. (0.010" thick)
A 6" x 12" x 3/16" thick Plate of cold rolled steel.
Three more layers of nylon screen
Another 8" x 12" x1/4" Aluminum Plate.
1/2" x 6" strips of Reynold's Aluminum Foil (#18) were placed between the Aluminum Plates and the Window Screen. 3"
extended to the outside. This produced a connection to the Aluminum Plates. The same technique was used to produce a
connection to the Steel Plate.
The Plates were connected to 0.1 uf Capacitor #3.
Two pole Switch #4 allowed the Capacitor's leads to be quickly connected to 100 megohm Voltmeter #5.
PROCEDURE AND TEST RESULTS
1. Switch #4 was left in the open position for 20 minutes.
2. When Switch #4 was closed, the Voltmeter had an initial reading of 450 mv.
3. Steps #1 & #2 were repeated many times. The initial voltage readings varied from
400 mv to 480 mv.
A SECOND EXPLANATION
See "Drawing #5". The Porous Dielectric has been eliminated for clarity.
This is another means of explaining the actions that occur in this configuration.
When the Plates were disconnected
1. When the Plates were disconnected each Plate was attempting to reach an equilibrium conditions with its Ambient Charge.
2. Both Plates were exerting an attraction force on Charge Electrons. At Common Equipotential Gradient #10, both Plates were
exerting an equal attraction forces on single Charge Electron #9.
3. Since the Aluminum Plate's Psaf's are stronger than the Steel Plate's, its attraction force for this single Charge Electron is
stronger than the Steel Plate's.
4. Since the attraction forces decreases as the distance increases, the Plate's attraction forces will be equal when the distance
of this Charge Electron is closer to the Steel Plate that to the Aluminum Plate. The position where the attraction forces are equal
is the Common Equipotential Gradient (CEG).
5. The Common Equipotential Gradient is always closer to the Plate with the weaker Psaf's.
When the Plates were connected by a Capacitor.
1. There was a flow of Orbital Electrons through the Capacitor that was attempting to equalize the Plate's Charges. The
Electrons that flowed out of the Capacitor were not the same Electrons that flowed into the Capacitor. This charged the
Capacitor.
2. The Aluminum Plate was attracting Charge Electrons to reach its Ambient Charge. The Steel Plate was releasing Charge
Electrons to reach its Ambient Charge. Thus, Charge Electrons were pushed from the Steel Plate and pulled to the Aluminum
Plate. They flowed on the edges of the dielectric spacer.
3. The flow continued until the Capacitor's Charge was equal to the difference in the Plate's Emfs.
4. Because of resistance's and other losses, the Capacitor's initial voltage reading will be less that the difference between the
two Plate's Emfs.
5. The Charge Electrons flowed at a much faster rate, through the Porous Dielectric, when the Steel Plate (the Plate with the
weaker Psaf's) was placed between two Aluminum Plates (the Plates with the stronger Psaf's). This appears to be because the
space between these two Plates is an isolated area and not influenced by the surrounding environment. This does not occur
when there is only one Aluminum Plate and one Steel Plate. This was a very important discovery.
6. The Charge Electron's kinetic energy is decreased as they flow from Steel Plate #8 to Common Equipotential Gradient #10.
Thus, Heat Energy is rejected.
7. The Charge Electron's kinetic energy is increased as they flow from Common Equipotential Gradient #10 to Aluminum Plate
#1. Thus, Heat Energy is absorbed.
8. The difference between the amount of Heat Energy that is absorbed and rejected is equal to the amount of Heat Energy
converted into electrical energy.
SUMMARY
1. The Capacitor's initial voltage reading was much higher than expected. This is because this is the first time the actual
difference between the two metal's Emfs has ever been measured. This is a scientific moment.
2. The operation of the Aluminum-Iron Thermocouple and other Thermocouples is explained in "Report WT-107". It completely
changes the "Theory of Thermocouples".
3. Using this Parallel Plates technique, and a reverse voltage technique is the most accurate means of measuring a metal's
actual Emf. Any other method would require extremely large areas of metal and a very carefully controlled environment. This is
the reason the initial voltage readings in the previous experiments varied.
4. Practically any Porous Dielectric material may be used to separate the Metal Plates. The Plates may even be separated by
using three small glass spacers. However, using a Porous Dielectrics causes the Charge Electrons to flow faster.
5. The fact that there was a voltage produced when using glass spacers, proves that the voltage was not produced by a
chemical action.
6. All of Peltier's measurements and theories were based on thermocouple experiments. He was totally committed to the belief
that the "Second Law of Thermodynamics" could not be violated. He maintained this belief even when he was conducting
experiments that were obviously violating the "Second Law".
7. When the Plates are connected, they are attempting to reach two conditions simultaneously.
A. They are attempting to maintain their Ambient Charges by releasing Charge Electrons from the Plate with the weaker Emf
(Steel Plate), and absorbing the Charge Electrons by the Plate with the stronger Emf (Aluminum Plate).
B. There is a Flow of Orbital Electrons that is attempting to equalize the Plate's Charges. Thus, there will be a small continuous
flow of Electrons
SECTION VI
EXPERIMENT IV
REPLACING PLATES #1 & #2 WITH THICK AND THIN PLATES OF THE SAME METAL
1. All of Peltier's experiments may be conducted using Thick and Thin Plates of the same metal. The major difference is that the
maximum Differential Ambient Charge that different metals will produce is approximately 1,000. mv. However, by decreasing the
thickness of the "Thin Plate" to a few nano thick, it is possible to increase the Differential Voltage to several thousand volts.
2. The Differential Ambient Charges using Thick and Thin Plates of the same metal will produce much higher voltages. It
appears that if the Thick Plate is 1/4" and the Thin Plate is approximately 200 nano-meters thick, the Differential Ambient
Charges could produce a differential voltage of 1,000 volts. Further reductions of the thickness of the Thin Plate and using the
optimum materials could produce an even larger Differential Voltage.
3. The Differential Voltage produced by Thick and Thin Plates increases exponentially as the thickness of the Thin Plate is
reduced. Thus, decreasing the thickness of the Thin Plate by 1/2 will increase the Differential Voltage by much more than twice.
4. The Differential Voltage produced vs. the thickness of the Thin Plate has been measured using the reverse Emf technique.
Also, there is a method of significantly increasing the rate of transferring Charge Electrons.
5. Placing the Thin Plate between two Thick Plates produces an improved results. It is believed that using two Thick Plates
eliminates outside interference. Thus, only the voltage produced by the difference between the Thick and Thin Plates Ambient
Voltages is measured.
SECTION VII
MEASURING THE DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE PRODUCED BY THICK AND THIN PLATES, OF THE SAME METAL, AT THE SAME
TEMPERATURE
See "Drawing #6"
OBJECTIVE
To measure the differential Ambient Voltages (Emfs) between a 1/4" Thick Aluminum Plate and various Thin Aluminum Plates.
THEORY
1. The Difference between the Plates Ambient Voltages may be measured by placing an adjustable reverse voltage between the
Plates. When the adjustable voltage is equal to the voltage produced by the Difference between the Plates Ambient Voltages,
there will be no flow Electrons through the Voltmeter. Thus, the Voltmeter will register zero volts. The Voltmeter must have a high
impedance and have a resolution of 0.1 mv or higher. This is essentially a Wheatstone Bridge.
2. Placing several Thick and Thin Plates in a Stack with Porous Dielectric spacers increased the rate of producing an electrical
voltage. This increased the accuracy of measuring of the Differential Voltage. The Thick Plates were connected in one parallel
group and Thin Plates were connected in another parallel group.
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
The differential voltage was produce by the following stack was measured as follows.
#1 - The Thick Plates consisted of 6 - 8" x 12" x 1/4" thick Aluminum Plates.
#2 - The Porous Dielectric was three layers of 9" x 13" x 0.010" thick standard window screen. This was a nylon material. Three
layers were placed on either side of the Thin Plates.
#3 - The Thin Plates consisted of 5 - 7 1/2" x 11" x various thickness of Aluminum. The various thickness tested were: 0.014";
0.0012"; 0.0009"; and 0.0003"
#4 - A 1/4" x 6" strip of aluminum foil. It was used as a connection to the Plates.
#5 & #6 were used to produce the "Reversal Voltages". This was essentially a "Wheatstone Bridge". #5 was a 1.5 volt battery.
#6 was a 0-10,000 ohm potentiometer.
#7- The direction of flow of the Battery's Orbital Electrons when unopposed.
#8 - The Net Direction of Flow of the Orbital Electrons
#9 - This digital voltmeter measured the "Reversal Voltage". The Flow of Electrons through this voltmeter was too small to
produce any significant effect. Thus, it could remain connected.
#10- This digital voltmeter had an impedance of 100 megohms and a resolution
of 0.1 mv. This was used to determine the Net Direction of the Flow of the Orbital Electrons
#11- A Switch that was used to "Short Out" the Flow of Orbital Electrons
PROCEDURE
1. The "Stack" was formed using the 1/4" Aluminum Plates and the 0.0003" thick Aluminum Foil.
2. The "Reverse Voltage" was adjusted by Potentiometer #6. An initial "Reversal Voltage" was selected.
3. Shunt #11 was closed for one minute to allow time for equalization.
4. When Shunt #11 was opened, the voltage of Voltmeter #10 would fluctuate for a few seconds, and then slowly began
producing either a positive or negative voltage.
A. If Voltmeter #10 slowly began producing a Negative Voltage, the "Reversal Voltage" was too high.
B. If the Voltmeter #10 slowly began producing a Positive Voltage, the "Reversal Voltage" was too low.
5. The "Reversal Voltage" was either increased or decreased, and Step #4 was repeated. This process was repeated until there
was no detectable voltage, when Shunt #11 was opened. At this setting, the voltage of Voltmeter #9 was equal to the voltage
produced by the Thick and Thin Plates.
6. It was necessary to "Short Out" Voltmeter #10 between measurements to save time. Without this shunt, it took hours to
determine whether the "Reversal Voltage" was too high or too low.
7. The first Thin Plates were replace by one of the other Thin Plates and the procedure was repeated.
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS
Thickness of the Thin Plate Voltage Produced
0.014" - Standard Aluminum Flashing 0.015 volts
0.0013" - Reynold's Heavy Duty Aluminum Foil 0.120 volts
0.0006" - Reynold's Standard Aluminum Foil 0.200 volts
0.0003" - Foil from sandwich wrap 0.400 volts
Note: The Differential Voltage increased exponentially as the thickness of the Thin Plate was reduced. A rough extrapolation of
these voltages indicates that if the thickness of the Thin Plate is reduced to 200 Nano-meters the Differential Voltage could be
1,000 volts or higher. Further reductions of the thickness could produce much higher Differential Voltages.
SECOND EXPERIMENT
1. All of the single 8" x 12" x 1/4" plates were replaced by 2 - 8" x 12" x 1/4" Plates. Thus, the Thick Plates were essentially 8" x
12" x 1/2" thick Plates.
2. The experiment was repeated in exactly the same manner.
RESULTS
All of the Differential Voltages were increased by between 30% and 40%. Thus, the 400 mv. (the thinnest plate) was increased to
560 mv.
Three and four stacks of the 8" x 12" X 1/4" Plates were tested, but there was no significant increase in the Differential Voltages.
NOTE: In earlier experiments there were a few failures because only two layers of Nylon Screen were used. Any moisture,
humidity, or foreign material would allow an extremely small Flow of Orbital Electrons from the Thick Plate to the Thin Plate
(Shorting). In the present experiments, three layer of Nylon Screen are used. This reduces the Flow of Charge Electrons
(Amperage), but does not effect the Differential Voltage. The three layers appear to have eliminated the "Shorting", but in areas
with high humidity, it could still be possible.
SECTION VIII
THE REASONS THIS IS NOT A "BATTERY ACTION"
The firm conviction that the "Second Law" could not be violated always had scientists trying to find some reason that Heat Energy
was not being directly converted into Electrical Energy.
The major response has been that the Differential Voltage was probably produced by a battery action due to the differences in the
metals or a chemical action between the metals and the dielectric materials. These are the reasons it is not:
1. A chemical action could never produce 0.560 volts using two metals that had only a slight difference in their alloys or physical
condition.
2. Over the years, the following Porous Dielectrics have been used:
Nylon Stockings; Nylon Screen; Wool Cloth; Silk Cloth; Paper Towels; Polyester Cloth; Felt Cloth; and several others. All of
these Porous Dielectrics functioned well. There appeared to be only a slight difference in their operation. The Nylon Screen was
one of the better materials.
3. An experiment using the "Stack" shown in "Drawing #6" was submerged in a flat glass container (3" deep) that was filled with
mineral oil. The Thin Plate was the 0.0003" thick foil. The mineral oil was used because it did not conduct Orbital Electrons.
The mineral oil eliminated any possibility of oxidation producing the electrical energy. The Oil did not effect the amount of
Electrical Energy that was produced.
4. The experiments, using two different metals at a constant temperature, are actually one half of a thermocouple. A chemical
action is not constant over a long period of time. Thus, if this were a chemical action, a Thermocouple's voltage would not be
constant over a long period of time. "Report WT-107" correctly explains Thermocouples. The "Present Theory" is completely
wrong because every scientist is complete convinced that the Thermocouple's voltage is produced by a flow of Electrons from a
higher temperature to a lower temperature. It absolutely had to comply with the "Second Law".
5. The Thick and Thin Plates, of the same metal, cannot be used as a thermocouple because the Difference in their Ambient
Voltages remains constant during a change in temperature. This is because the Thick and Thin Plates are the same metal. If
there is a change it is very slight. For a Thermocouple to operate there must be a Difference in the Difference between their
Ambient Charges that is produced by a change in temperature.
6. The fact that increasing the thickness of the Thick Plate by using two 1/4" thick Plates is proof that the Differential Voltage is
not produced by a slight chemical difference in the metals. The exact same metals were used in experiments with a single Thick
Plate and with the Double Thick Plates.
SECTION IX
MR. BUSHMAN'S DEVICE - PATENT #5,637,946
SHARP METAL POINTS AND THICK METAL PLATES
See "Drawing #7 - View 1"
At the same time we were working on the "Thick and Thin Plate Device", Mr. Bushman was working, independently, on his "Sharp
Points and Thick Plate Device". He discovered that "His Device" produced an extremely small amount of electrical energy.
However, The physical principle that allowed "His Device" to produce the electrical energy was never explained.
Sharp Points have weak Psaf's and Thick Plates have much stronger Psaf's. Thus, Thick Plate #1 has a stronger attraction force
for Charge Electrons than the Tips of the Sharp Points #3. In "Drawing #7 - View 1", the Tips of Sharp Points act the same as the
Thin Plates. Thus, the action of the "Thick Plates and Sharp Points" is exactly the same as the actions of the "Thick and Thin
Plates Device".
Since the Sharp Points are connected to Plate #4, the density of the Charge Electrons on the Tips #3 and the Plate #4 are the
same. Porous Dielectric #2 increases the rate of flow of Charge Electrons between the Tips and Thick Plate #1. Thus, the
difference between Psaf's of the Thick Plate #1 and the Tips' Psaf's are the controlling factor. The remainder of the Sharp Points
and Plate #4 act as a Charge reservoir.
The flow of Charge Electrons from the Tips decreases the voltage of Plate #4 and increases the Voltage of Plate #1. Thus, there
is a Differential voltage between Plate #4 and Plate #1 that produces a flow of Orbital Electrons through Voltmeter #6. If Voltmeter
#6 is disconnected, the flow of Charge Electrons will continue until the Differential Voltage is equal to the difference between the
Ambient Voltages of the Tips and Plate #1.
Decreasing the diameter of the Sharp Points and increasing the sharpness of the Tips decreases the Tip's Ambient voltage.
This increases the Plate's Differential Voltage.
When two Masses have a Differential Charge, there is an Attraction Force between the two Masses. Thus, there is a small
Attraction Force between Plate #1 and the Tips. Since there is a Porous Dielectric between them it cannot be detected. However,
it is a factor in the Gecko's ability to defy Gravity.
This is the beginning of Nanotechnology. The Sharp Points perform the same actions as the Thin Hairs on the Gecko's feet.
The Sharp Points have a lower Ambient Charge than the Thick Plates.
SECTION X
NANOTECHNOLOGY-WHY GECKO IS ABLE TO DEFY GRAVITY
See "Drawing #7 - View 2"
INTRODUCTION
1. The Gecko's Foot has millions of nano-diameter Hairs #12. Because of their minute diameter and Sharp Points, the Hairs
have very weak Psaf's. The Foot's Bottom becomes the equivalent of a Plate with very weak Psaf's.
2. When two Masses with different Psaf's touch, Charge Electrons flow between them until the difference in their Charges is
equal to the difference in their Psaf's. This is the same action as two metal Plates with different Psaf's. The only difference is that
it is unnecessary to separate them with Porous Dielectric Sheet.
CHARGING THE GECKO'S FOOT
1. The "Sharp Points and Thick Plate Device" demonstrated that Sharp Points have weak Psaf's.
2. It is only necessary for the Nano-diameter Hairs to touch Spot #13 with average Psaf's to start a flow of Charge Electrons.
When they touch, Charge Electrons will flow from the Mass with the weaker Psaf's to the Mass with the stronger Psaf's. They will
flow until the difference in their Charge is equal to the difference in the Masses' Psaf's. The foot will have a Positive Charge.
3. This flow will increase the Spot's Charge and decrease the Foot's Charge. Thus, it is necessary for the Foot to be moved to
many New Spots, for the Foot's Charge to be reduced to its maximum Positive Charge. It will leave a trail of Negatively Charged
Spots.
4. Since the Charge on all connected Masses are equal, the Legs and Body will have the same Charge as the Foot's Hair's.
Thus, Charge Electrons will flow from the Legs and Body to the Hairs. The Legs and Body will become a Positive Charge
Reservoir, which will help the Foot to maintain a Positive Charge as it moves to surfaces that have different Psaf's.
5. Once the Positive Charge has been developed, there will be an Attraction Force between the Hairs and practically all Surfaces.
6. The Body will slowly attract Charge Electrons from the surrounding environment. Thus, it will be necessary for the Gecko to
occasionally take a few steps to recharge its Positively Charged Reservoir.
7. The Nano-diameter Hairs have very weak Psaf's. Thus, the Differential Charge between the Foot and an average Surface
could be 1,000 volts or higher. The Attraction Forces between the Foot and an average Surface would be the same the Attraction
Force between a grounded Plate and a Plate with a 1,000 volt Positive Charge, when they are in close proximity.
EXPERIMENT I
Objective
1. To recreate the actions that produce an attraction between the Thin Hairs on a Geckos foot and a Spot.
2. To prove that decreasing the Tip's diameter increases the Attraction Forces between the Tips and most Surfaces
Equipment
1. Two nylon 1" paint brushes were used.
The Tips of the bristles of "Paint Brush A" had been crushed during manufacturing. This splits their ends into 4 or 5 strands.
Thus the last 1/2" of the bristles were half of the diameter of the upper bristles. This is similar to the hairs on a Gecko's foot. The
split bristles were approximately 0.002" in diameter. (0.051 mm)
The 1/2" Tips of "Paint Brush B" were cut off. Thus, their Tips were approximately twice the thickness of "Brush A". They were
approximately 0.005" in diameter.(0.127) mm).
2. An 8" x 1/4" strip of paper was hung by one end to the edge of a desk by Scotch Tape. This was the "Charge Meter".
3. Several materials were used to Charge the two Paint Brushes. A closely woven Wool Fabric proved to produce the "Brushes"
largest Positive Charge.
Procedure
1. Any existing Charge on the Tips of "Brush A" was removed by pressing the Tips against a large metal mass. The elimination
of the Charge was tested by placing the Tips close to the end of the Paper Strip. There was no attraction force between the Tips
and the Paper Strip.
2. The Tips of "Brush A" were stroked many times across the Wool Fabric.
3. The Tips were placed approximately 1/2" from the end of the Paper Strip. The Strip was immediately pulled against the Tips.
The Strip clung to the Tips as the distance was increased. There was a very strong attraction force between the Tips and the Strip.
4. Steps #1, #2 and #3 were repeated using "Brush B". There was only a very weak attraction for between the Tips and the Strip.
Conclusions
1. Decreasing the diameter of the Tips of the Bristles decreased the attraction forces for Charge Electrons. When the Tips were
stroked against a Material, that had strong Psafs, the Charge Electrons were pulled to the Material. More Charge Electrons were
pulled from "Brush A" than "Brush B", because the Tips of "Brush A" had weaker Psafs.
Both Bushes had Charge Electrons pulled from their surfaces, but "Brush A" had more Charge Electrons pulled from its surface
than "Brush B". "Thus, "Brush A's" Positive Charge was greater than "Brush B's" Positive Charge.
2. The attraction force between the Tips and the Paper Strip appeared to increase exponentially as the diameter of the Tips
decreased.
This same action occurs in "Mr. Bushman's Device" and "WT's Thick and Thin Plate Device". Experiments with the "WT Thick and
Thin Plate Device" indicate that the Differential Voltages increased exponentially as the thickness of the Thin Plate decreased.
3. It is not necessary to stroke the wool. The Brushes will transfer Charge Electrons by only touching an area, but stroking is
faster.
EXPERIMENT II
OBJECTIVE
Previous Experiments have proven that glass has very weak Psafs. Since a mass with stronger Psafs will pull Charge Electrons
from a mass with weaker Psafs, it was important to determine if a mass with very weak Psafs will pull Charge Electrons from
"Brush A". This will prove that the Thin Tips of "Brush A" has weaker Psafs than glass. Thus, if it is stroked against any surface, it
will become charged.
PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
1. "Brush A" was stroked many time against a large glass mirror. The "Brush" was then tested against the Paper Strip. The
"Brush" exerted a moderate attraction force.
2. "Brush B" was stroked many time against the large mirror. The "Brush" was then tested against the Paper Strip. There was no
observable attraction force between the Brush and the Paper Strip.
Conclusions
1. "Brush A" exerted a moderate attraction force for the Paper Strip. The Glass had pulled Charge Electrons from the "Brush". If
the Tips had been many times smaller in diameter the attraction force between the Tips and the Glass would have been much
stronger.
2. "Brush B" exerted practically no attraction force for the Paper Strip because its Tips were twice as large as "Brush A" Tips.
EXPERIMENT III
"Brush A" was stroked against every available surface and then tested against the Paper Strip. The surfaces included wood, an
Aluminum plate, nylon screen, a plastic bag, skin, and many more. In every test, "Brush A" had an attraction force for the Paper
Strip. Some surfaces produced stronger attraction forces than others.
The "Brush" was stroked against a large Green Leaf. There was no observable attraction force between the "Brush" and the
Paper Strip. However, when the "Brush" was stroked against the Wool Material and then tested against the Green Leaf, there
was a strong attraction force between the "Brush" and the Green Leaf. Thus, if the Gecko had first developed a strong Charge, it
would be attracted to the underside of Green Leaves for a period of time.
ADDITIONAL FACTOR
There is one other factor that will greatly increase the attraction forces between the Gecko's Foot and the Glass Plate. This
information is presently being withheld.
SECTION XI
A CRITIQUE ON THE "SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS"
Since the discoveries in This Report violate the "Second Law of Thermodynamics" is only proper to explain the "Law".
The "Second Law of Thermodynamics" states, "Electrical Energy or Mechanical Energy may be converted directly into Heat
Energy, but this is a non-reversible process. Thus, the Heat Energy cannot be converted directly back into Electrical or
Mechanical Energy."
Fifty years ago, the study of the Second Law was usually introduced by this disclaimer: "The Second Law is based only on the
fact that there has never been an experiment that violates the Law. When an experiment violates the Second Law, it will no
longer be valid".
Since the Second Law has not been violated for over 200 years, it has been assumed that it never will be. Thus, the disclaimer
has been dropped. However, it still applies.
SECTION XII
A FEW ADDITIONAL DISCOVERIES
"Report WT-105" - Changing the Charge on a metal changes its Modulas of Elasticity and Ultimate Strength.
"Report WT-108" - How Black Holes are produced.
"Report WT-109" - A list of Devices that will convert Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical or Mechanical Energy. It is import
to examine these as only the most efficient Device will have economic value.
"Report WT-111" - The correct Theory of the "Van de Graaff Generator"
"Report WT-114" - A tube filled with sand and water; A baked potato; frozen saw dust and water, all operate in the same as the
Antimony-Bismuth Thermocouple. This explains why a mixture of "Saw Dust and Water" melts very slowly.
"Report WT-115" - A completely new Theory of the Capacitor.
"Report WT-116" - The correct operation of "Dr. Patterson's Power Cells", and why they violated the "Second Law".
"Report WT-117" - "The Moon Wobbles". Galileo discovered that the Moon wobbles up and down and from side to side. Also,
"One Face" is always facing the Earth. This is because the center of the Attraction Forces between Moon and Earth are closer to
the Earth than the center of the Centrifugal Forces, that keep the Moon in orbit. Thus, there is a lever arm that keeps the "One
Face" always facing the Earth. This has academic value only, but it appears to be one more proof of the "WT-Theory". It may
effect the "The Present Theory of Gravity".
Once the "WT-Theory" is accepted, everything falls into place.
SECTION XIII
TWO ADDITIONAL REPORTS THAT ARE AVAILABLE
Report "WT-106" - "HOW LIGHTNING STRIKES ARE PRODUCED"
When the Water Droplets, in a cloud, are evaporated into Vapor Molecules, the density of their surrounding Ambient Electron
Charge is reduced. Thus, when they are evaporated many Charge Electrons are released. This produces a Negative Charge in
the surrounding Water Droplets.
When the Vapor Molecules, in a cloud, are condensed into Water Droplets, the density of their surrounding Ambient Electron
Charge is increased. Thus, when they are condensed, many Charge Electrons are absorbed from the surrounding Water
Droplets. This produces a Positive Charge in the surrounding Water Droplets.
The clouds have a continual circulation of Water Droplets to Vapor Molecules and back to Water Droplets. At the bottom of a
cloud, the Water Droplets are evaporated into Vapor Molecules, and at the top of the cloud, the Vapor Molecules are condensed
back into Water Droplets. This action continually transfers Charge Electrons from the cloud's top to its bottom. Thus, the
circulation eventually produces a large Positive Charge at the cloud's top, a large Negative Charge at the cloud's bottom.
A large Positive Charge increases the Vapor Molecule's condensation temperature. When a lightning strike transfers Charge
Electrons from the Negatively Charged bottom to the Positively Charged top, the Positive Charge is reduced. This decreases the
Vapor Molecules' condensation temperature. When the Vapor Molecules' condensation temperature is reduced, they condense
into Water Droplets. Thus, rain usually following lightning strikes.
Report WT-106 contains experiments that verify that changing an area's Ambient Charge changes the condensation temperature
of the area's Vapor Molecules
Report "WT-107" THE ACTIONS THAT PRODUCE A THERMOCOUPLE.
"Section IV" explain how a Bimetal Junction absorbs Ambient Heat Energy and converts it into Electrical Energy. The
Thermocouple is actually two of these Junctions. One Junction occurs at a higher temperature and the other Junction occurs at a
lower temperature.
There is usually a difference in the Junctions' Ambient Differential Voltages. The Junction that has the largest Ambient
Differential Voltage determines the direction of flow of the Orbital Electrons. At this Junction, Heat Energy is directly converted into
Electrical Energy. Since the Direction of Flow of the Orbital Electrons at the other Junction is in the opposite direction, it converts
Electrical Energy into Heat Energy. Thus, one Junction converts Heat Energy into Electrical Energy and the other Junction
converts a smaller amount of Electrical Energy into Heat Energy. The amount of Electrical Energy produced is the difference
between the amount of Electrical Energy produced, at one Junction, and the amount of Electrical Energy converted into Heat
Energy at the other Junction.
THE "PRESENT THEORY"
It appears that all Thermocouples have a "Reversal Temperature". At operating temperatures above the "Reversal Temperature",
the direction of the Flow of Orbital Electrons is in one direction, and at temperatures below the "Reversal Temperature" the Flow
of Orbital Electrons is in the opposite direction. The "Present Theory" is that Heat Energy is always produced by a flow of Heat
Energy from the Hot Junction to the Cold Junction. Thus, there is some change in the metal's structures that causes the Flow of
Orbital Electrons to reverse. This has never been logically explained. The flow of Heat Energy from the Hot Junction to the Cold
Junction is not the reason Electrical Energy is produced.
THE "WT THEORY" OF THE THERMOCOUPLE
Heat Energy is always produced by a Flow of Electrons from the metal with the stronger "Protons Surplus Attraction Forces"
(Psafs) to the metal with the weaker Psafs. This is explained in "Section IV". The Direction of the Orbital Electron's Flow is
determined by the Junction that has the larger Ambient Differential Voltage.
Experiments have proven that the larger Ambient Differential Voltage occurs at the Hot Junction when the operating temperature
is above the Reversal Temperature and at the Cold Junction when the operating temperature is below the Reversal
Temperature. Thus, Heat Energy is absorbed at the Hot Junction when the operating temperature is below the Reversal
Temperature and at the Cold Junction when the operating temperature is above the Reversal Temperature. This is the reason
for the reversal of the Direction of the Flow of Electrons.
THE COPPER-IRON THERMOCOUPLE
In the Copper-Iron Thermocouple, Heat energy is always converted into Electrical Energy when the Flow of Orbital Electrons is
from Iron to Copper. The "Reversal Temperature" is 372o C. At temperatures below the "Reversal Temperature", more
Electrical Energy is produced at the Cold Junction than at the Hot Junction, and at temperatures above the "Reversal
Temperature", more Electrical Energy is produced at the Hot Junction. The Junction that produces the larger amount of Electrical
Energy determines the Direction of Flow of the Orbital Electrons.
At temperatures above the "Reversal Temperature" the Flow of Electrons is from Iron to Copper at the Hot Junction. Thus, this is
the Junction that converts Heat Energy into Electrical Energy.
At temperatures below the "Reversal Temperature" the Flow of Electrons is from Iron to Copper at the Cold Junction. Thus, this
is the Junction that converts Heat Energy into Electrical Energy.
THE ANTIMONY-BISMUTH THERMOCOUPLE
The Antimony-Bismuth Thermocouple's Junction's Differential Voltages are extremely large. Also, the Thermocouple is usually
operated at temperatures below its Reversal temperature. Thus, Heat Energy is converted into Electrical Energy at the Cold
Junction and Electrical Energy is converted into Heat Energy at the Hot Junction.
Because of these two factors, a small amount of dc input will cause more Heat Energy to be absorbed at the Cold Junction than
flows from the Hot Junction. Thus, this Thermocouple will produce a Cold Junction that is 30o C. or more lower than the Ambient
Temperature.
Report "WT-107" completely explains the Operation of Thermocouples and contains experiments that verify the WT Theory. The
Present Theory of the operation of Thermocouples is incorrect.
SECTION XIV
SUMMARY
Since scientist have started Nanotechnology Research, there have been many articles and TV programs on the subject. It has
been confirmed that the reason Geckos; ants; spiders; and other insects are able to defy gravity is due to the Attraction Forces
between the nano-diameter hairs on their feet and most surfaces. They have also discovered that it is an electrical Attraction
Force. However, no one understands how the Attraction Force works. This, is a mystery and will remain a mystery until
scientists accept the "WT-Theory". The basis for the WT-Theory is that Charge Electrons are Pulled to a Masses' surface not
Pushed. This change in Theory explains practically everything. The government has allocated one billion dollars to
Nanotechnolgy research. If scientist continue to only consider the Present Theory, this money will be wasted.
Because of all the interest in Nanotechnogy, it has been targeted as a means of attracting scientist's interest in the "WT-Theory".
The acceptance of the WT-Theory will result in many valuable discoveries. Some will have academic value only, while many will
have great economical value. The primary discovery will be a Device that will economically convert Ambient Heat Energy directly
into Electrical Energy. WT has plans for several Devices that need to be researched.
SECTION XV
FINAL
I am no longer able to continue this research. Thus, this is a "Last Ditch" effort to interest someone. I want pass on all of my
discoveries. It will probably require several months to review and updated 25 years of work. I don't want it to be lost.
It is important to conduct the "Thick and Thin Plate Experiments" using a much thinner "Thin Plate". This will produce a
Differential Voltage that is too high to be produced by any other means. The present 0.560 mv should be sufficient to prove ii is
not a chemical action, but it is possible to produce an even larger Differential Voltage.
There is a procedure that greatly increases the Flow of Electrons. Thus, all that is necessary to economically convert Ambient
Heat Energy directly into Electrical Energy is to produce nano-thick metal sheets (this I need), and increase the Flow (this I have).
However, the Device based on the "Van der Graaff Generator" may be more economical.
I am prepared to conduct several of these experiments. I am also available to explain the "Reports" by phone or Email.
I am only interested in revealing my discoveries to someone that has the resources and interest to continue my research.
Together, we will perfect the Device that will economically convert Ambient Heat Energy into Electrical Energy. It is almost
completed.
If you have an affiliation with a research center, please include this in your request for additional information.
It is absolutely essential to accept the Theory that there is "One Process" that violates the "Second Law".
Fred G. Westlund
Click Here to view drawings
Click Here to go back to the top of this page
RESULTS.
ALSO
THE "ONE PROCESS" THAT VIOLATES THE "SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS". THIS HAS BEEN
DISCOVERED, VERIFIED, AND IGNORED FOR THE PAST 200 YEARS.
The Reports use the term "The Direction of the Flow of Electrons" because Current Flow is in the wrong direction. Thus, Current
Flow causes confusion.
I have all of the Supplies and Equipment to conduct these Experiments. It is recommended that you contact me or send a
representative to witness these Experiments. They are all guaranteed to work exactly as stated, but they may not work in areas
that have high humidity or some other problems. Our laboratory is located at an elevation of 5,000 ft.
The WT-Theory is extremely important. It will explain Nanotechnolgy and change many Scientific Theories. "Section II" explains
why Charge Electrons are pulled to a Masses surface instead of being pushed. This small difference completely changes
everything.
We are certain that the WT-Theory will lead to a Device that will economically convert Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical
Energy. This will become "The World's Primary Source of Energy"; reduce air pollution; and reduce global warming. It will
change the world.
If you find sections of "This Report" that are difficult to follow, please contact me and I will "Walk you through them.
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
Recently, Scientists have been conducting experiments using extremely small particles. These experiments have produced
some unexpected results that could lead to new materials; a new understanding of science; and many useful devices. The
government has committed one billion dollars on this research.
The size of these minute particles is measured in nanometers. One nanometer (nano) = 1 x 10-9 meters. As an example: the
diameter of an average human hair is 800,000 nanos. Research in this field is referred to as Nanotechnology.
As an example of the unusual actions of nano-particles, a Gecko is able to defy gravity by walking on the underside of a glass
plate. Scientists believe that they are able to do this because their feet are covered by millions of nano-size hairs. Flies and
other insects are able to defy gravity for the same reason. Unfortunately, scientist are completely unable to explain why there is
an Attraction Force between the glass plate and the nano-size hairs.
For the past 25 years, WT has been conducting research on the "Outer Fringes" of Nanotechnology, and are certain that we are
able to explain its unique actions. Westlund Technology consists of myself and an angle-business manager.
One of WT's discovery is that there is an Attraction Force between very Thin Metal Plates and Thick Metal Plates. Thus, when a
Thin Metal Plate is placed between two 1/4" Thick Metal Plates, of the same metal, and insulated by a porous dielectric, Charge
Electrons are pulled from the Thin Metal Plate to the Thick Metal Plate. This produces an Attraction Force between the Plates,
and transfers Charge Electrons from the Thin Plate to the Thick Plates. Thus, a Differential Voltage is produced between the
Plates. This is a violation of the "Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Attraction Force increases as the thickness of the Thin
Plate decreases. This is Nanotechnology. See "Section VII" for more details.
Mr. Bushman discovered a similar action occurs between Sharp Metal Points and Thick Metal Plates. It is similar to the Gecko's
foot. See "Section IX" for more details.
There is a very logical explanation for these Attraction Forces. However, it requires a complete reevaluation of the relationship
between masses and Charge Electrons. Once the "WT-Theory of Charge Electrons" is accepted the actions produced by the
Nanotechology experiments, and practically everything else, is logically explained. The "WT-Theory" is science-shattering. It will
lead to a device that will economically convert Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical Energy. Several Devices are now
producing minute amounts of Electrical Energy by the conversion of Ambient Heat Energy
SECTION II
THE SOURCE OF THE ATTRACTION FORCES
When it was discovered that a molecule had an equal number of Orbital Electrons and Protons, it was assumed that the Orbital
Electrons completely canceled the Proton's Attraction Forces for Electrons. Thus, if a mass had any Charge Electrons on its
surface, they had to be pushed to its surface. This is the "Present Theory of the Relationship Between Molecules and Charge
Electrons".
If there are no Charge Electrons on a Masses' surface, it should be impossible to rub them from the Mass. However, many
unusual actions are explained by Charge Electrons being rubbed off of a Mass. Several examples are Lightning, and the
Attraction Force that is developed by a Wool Cloth rubbing Charge Electrons from a Nylon Rod.
Example: After a Nylon Rod has been stroked by a Wool Cloth, the Nylon Rod will exert an Attract Force on small pieces of paper,
from a distance of several inches. The question has always been, where did the Charge Electrons come from that have been
rubbed off of the Nylon Rod. Actually, this is the same action that allows a Gecko to defy gravity, but the explanation is more
logical. It is explained later in this Report.
Many experiments conducted by WT, and by Jean Peltier (1800) indicate that masses exerted Attraction Forces for Charge
Electrons, and the strength of these Attraction Forces varies. Some metals have stronger Attraction Forces than others. Also,
larger masses, of the same metal, have stronger Attraction Forces than smaller masses.
The "WT-Theory of the Relationship Between Molecules and Charge Electrons" is based on the belief that Proton's and
Electron's actions are similar to that of a magnet's north and south poles. If the Protons and Electrons are analyzed in this
manner, it becomes apparent that the Proton's Attraction Forces are not completely canceled by their Orbital Electrons. The
Proton's Surplus Attraction Forces (Psaf's) will exert Attraction Forces on Charge Electrons or the surrounding molecules' Orbital
Electrons. This is the basis for the belief that Charge Electrons are pulled to a masses surface This Attraction Force concurs
with the Attraction Forces that have been observed in the Nanotechnology experiments and many other experiments. It also,
explain Mutual Molecular Attraction Forces, Gravity, and much more.
When it is analyzed logically, it appears completely illogical to believe that all of the Proton's Attraction Forces are canceled by the
disbursed, surrounding field of its Orbital Electrons. Some of the Proton's Attraction Forces must escape through the gaps in the
Orbital Electrons. This is why there are "Proton's Surplus Attraction Forces" (Psaf's). Hundreds of experiments concur with the
"WT-Theory" and not the "Present Theory".
Fortunately, it is possible to conclusively prove the "WT-Theory" is correct by repeating the Thick and Thin Plate Experiment in
"Section VII". As the Thin Plate is replaced by Plates that are incrementally reduced in thickness. Thus, the Differential Voltage
produced is incrementally increased . An extremely thin Plate will produce a Differential Voltage that is much larger than could be
produced by any other means. This should be sufficient proof that the WT-Theory is correct.
In our latest Experiment, the Thin Plate is 0.0003" thick and produces a Differential Voltage of 0.560 volts. This should be
sufficient to prove that the WT Theory is correct, but a larger Differential Voltage will convince even the most skeptical person.
This is a very easy experiment to conduct. However, I need help obtaining a substantially thinner metal plate. Conducting this
one experiment with a thinner metal plate will change the scientific world.
THE AVERAGE AMBIENT CHARGE
There is an existing theory that all masses are surrounded by an Ambient Charge of 2.5 million volts. This Ambient Charge
Electrons does not completely cancel the Psaf's. It is the average disbursement of the Earth's total number of Charge Electrons.
It is probably based on the theory that there is a maximum Positive and Negative Voltage.
A Positive Voltage is produced by removing Charge Electrons from the Ambient Charge. Thus, it should be impossible to
produce a Positive Voltage greater than 2.5 million volts, as there would be no more Charge Electrons to remove
A Negative Voltage is produced by increasing the density of Charge Electron above the Ambient Charge. Thus, there is a
maximum Negative Voltage. The Charge of the Negative Voltage plus the Ambient Charge cannot exceed the "Proton's Surplus
Attraction Forces". There would no longer be sufficient Attraction Forces to pull any more Charge Electrons to a Masses surface.
THE EXPLANATION OF PROTON'S SURPLUS ATTRACTION FORCES (Psaf's)
See "Drawing #1 & #2"
The easiest way to explain Psaf's is to compare them with the attraction forces between a magnet and an iron ball.
In View #1, there is a Magnet #1, an Iron Keeper #3 and an Iron Ball #5. There is practically no Attraction Force between the Iron
Ball and the Magnet because Iron Keeper #3 is in contact with the Magnet.
In View #2, non-magnetic Spacer #7 has been placed between the Keeper and the Magnet. There is now an Attraction force
between the Magnet and the Iron Ball. If the thickness of the Spacer is increased, the Attraction Force between the Magnet and
the Iron Ball will be increased. This is the same type of relationship that exists between the Protons and the Charge Electrons or
the adjacent molecules' Orbital Electrons.
In "Drawing #2", the Electron's Mutual Repelling Force #9 keeps the Orbital Electrons from being tight against Protons #13. This
force acts the same as Space #7. Thus, all of the Proton's Attraction Forces are not canceled. There are Surplus Attraction
Forces #15 between the Protons and the Charge Electrons. These are the "Proton's Surplus Attraction Forces" (Psaf's). They
are pronounced Safs.
SUMMARY
The fact there are two different "Theories" is the reason WT has discovered the Differential Voltages. They cannot be explained
by the "Present Theory". At present, it is only possible to detect these Differential Voltages using extremely thin metal plates.
Also, a very sensitive voltmeter is required.
It appears that this discovery has academic value only, but it is possible to amplify the Electrical Energy produced. It also,
explains Nanotechnology and hundreds of other useful phenomena. It has the possibility of changing the scientific world
It is necessary to choose which "Theory" is correct. The "WT Theory" appears to be extremely logical. In the "Present Theory", an
Orbital Electron on one of the molecule's outer rings must completely cancel the Attraction force of a Proton that is in the
molecule's center. This is very difficult to visualize. Choose carefully! It is extremely important.
THE PRESENT THEORY - The "Presently Accepted Theory of the Relationship Between a Molecule and Charge Electrons" is that
the Protons' Attraction Forces for Electrons are completely canceled by its Orbital Electrons. This is the basis for the belief that
Charge Electrons are pushed to a masses surface.
THE "WT-THEORY" - The "WT-Theory of the Relationship Between a Molecule and Charge Electrons" is that the Protons'
Attraction Force for Electrons are only partially canceled by its Orbital Electrons. This is the basis for the belief that Charge
Electrons are pulled to a masses surface. This is much more logical
Thus, there is the "Present Theory" and the "WT-Theory". Conducting the Experiment that will conclusively prove that the
"WT-Theory" is correct is extremely important. When the "WT-Theory" is proven to be correct most of the present scientific
theories will need to be reevaluated. Many theories will be completely revised. Fortunately, the Experiment in "Section VII" will
conclusively prove which Theory is correct. The only problem will be obtaining extremely thin metal sheets. This is where we
need assistance.
The following are some of the pending discoveries:
1. The actions in the Nanotechnology experiments will be completely explained.
2. There is "One Process" that violates "Second Law of Thermodynamics", otherwise the "Law" is correct.
3. It is be possible to build a Device that will economically convert Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical or Mechanical
Energy. WT has several plans. This will be the "Primary Source of Energy". It will stop global warming and reduce air pollution.
4. It will be possible to explain most of nature's unexplained phenomena, such as lightning, tornadoes, the flow of sap, and
much more.
SECTION III
SUMMARY OF A PORTION OF THE WT-THEORY
The WT-Theory is based on the belief that a molecule's Proton's Attraction Forces are not completely canceled by it Orbital
Electrons. The following is part of the "Theory":
1. Every mass is surrounded by approximately 2.5 million volts of Charge Electrons. This is the mass's Ambient Charge.
2. The molecule's Proton's attraction forces for Electrons are not completely canceled by the molecule's own Orbital Electrons.
Thus, there are "Proton's Surplus Attraction Forces" (Psaf's) that exerts an attraction force on the surrounding Charge Electrons
or the adjacent molecule's Orbital Electrons. This is an inward pulling force that pulls Charge Electrons and the adjacent
molecule's Orbital Electrons to a mass's surface. It has been named "Proton's Surplus Attraction Forces" (Psaf's), and is
pronounced Safs.
3. The amount of a molecule's Proton's Attraction Force that is canceled by its Orbital Electrons varies due to the molecule's
construction. Thus, identical size masses of different materials usually have different Ambient Charges. This is true for both
metal masses and dielectric masses.
4. A Masses' Ambient Charge is determined by the sum of each molecules Psaf's when they are extended to the Masses'
surface. Thus, Masses with a stronger Psaf's on its surface will have larger Ambient Charges. The Psaf's may be due to the
molecule's construction or due to the Masses size or temperature.
It is undetermined whether the Psaf's in the center of a mass pull through the molecules closer to the surface, or progressively
alter the molecules closer to the surface. Either way the Psaf's on a masses' surface increases as the thickness increases.
This is true for both metal masses and dielectric masses.
5. A Masses' Ambient Voltage is equal to its Ambient Charge. If the Ambient Charge is increased, its Ambient Voltage is
increased. If the Ambient Charge is decreased, its Ambient Voltage will be decreased.
6. If two metal Plates with different Ambient Charges, are isolated and left to stand for a period of time, they will each reach their
equilibrium condition with their Ambient Charge by either absorbing Charge Electrons from the surrounding environment, or
rejecting them to the surrounding environment. Their Ambient Charge may have been determined by their molecular
construction or by their size.
7. If the masses are electrically connected, Orbital Electrons will flow from the mass with the higher Ambient Voltage to the mass
with the lower Ambient Voltage, until their Voltages are Equalized. Thus, if they are periodically connected, there will be a brief
flow of Orbital Electrons between them.
The same actions will occur with dielectric masses, but the flow of Charge electrons will be much slower.
8. If two Metal Plates with different Ambient Voltages are placed close together, parallel, and separated by a Porous Dielectric,
the same action as in #7 will occur, but much faster.
The thickness of the Porous Dielectric must be sufficient to stop the flow of Orbital Electrons. Charge Electrons flow at a faster
rate on the edges of dielectric materials.
9. Charges on a Dielectric Mass flow very slowly, but they do flow. Thus, if a single Dielectric Mass has different size sections,
such as a fly with very thin sections (legs) and a large section (body), the Charge on all of its surfaces will be equal, but time will
be required for the Charges to equalize. The reason a Gecko is able to defy gravity is explained in "Section X".
10. The Charges on all sections of a Metal Mass will also be equal, but they will be equalized very quickly. "Mr. Bushman's
Device" has a section with Sharp Points attached to a Thick Plate. The Charge on the Tips of the Sharp Points and the Thick
Plate are equal to the Charge on the Tip's. See "Section IX"
11. Because of the actions described in the previous paragraphs, the Charge on all sections of a Mass may be easily
decreased if the Mass has a section with Sharp Points, and a means of rapidly transferring them.
12. In the Thermocouple there is a flow of Orbital Electrons from a Metal with stronger Psaf's to a Metal with weaker Psaf's. The
voltage of each Orbital Electron is increased as it flows from one Metal to the other because the Charge on the Metal with the
lower Psaf's has been increased. (When the Metals are connected, their Charges are equalized. This will increase the Charge
on the Metal with the lower Psaf's). The energy input required to increase the Orbital Electron's voltage is from the absorption of
Ambient Heat Energy. Thus, the Junction will become colder. The reverse is also true. When Orbital Electrons flow from the
Metal with the weaker Psaf's to the Metal with the strong Psaf's the voltage of each Orbital Electron is decreased as it flows. This
Junction will then reject Ambient Heat Energy as the Orbital Electron's voltage is reduced. The Junction will become warmer.
13. One molecule's Psaf's exerting an Attraction Force on the adjacent molecule's Orbital Electrons is the elusive "Glue" that
holds masses together. It is the unexplained "Mutual Molecular Attraction Forces". These forces are also known as "Van der
Waal's Attraction Forces" or "Gravity".
14. In molecules that have unusual construction, some Orbital Electrons are further from the Protons, in some locations. When
the Orbital Electrons are further from the Protons their Psaf's are increased. Thus, there are increased Psaf's in some of the
molecule's surface. When molecules are orientated with their areas of increased Psaf's adjacent, the material's strength is
increased. This is the reason for the increased strength of materials made from Carbon Strands".
15. There is "One Process" that converts Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical Energy. It occurs in Peltier's Experiments;
Thermocouples; the "WT Thick and Thin Plate Device"; "Mr. Bushman's Sharp Points and Thick Plates Device"; the "Van de Graaff
Generator"; and many more. When Electrons are transferred from an area with weak Psaf's to areas with stronger Psaf's their
voltage is increased by the absorption of Ambient Heat Energy. This is the "One Process" that violates the "Second Law".
16. There is "One Action" that will greatly increase the flow of Charge Electrons between two Masses. This "One Action" will
make the "Thick and Thin Plate Device" an economical means of producing Electrical Energy. It is being withheld at this time.
17. There is much more to the "WT Theory".
18. The term "Protons Surplus Attraction Force's" (PSAF's) has been used for the past five years. It appears that a better term
would be "Protons Uncancelled Attraction Forces" (PUAFs).
SECTION IV
CHARGING A CAPACITOR USING PELTIER'S Emf.
See "Drawing #3"
OBJECTIVE
To produce a significant Charge in Capacitor #3 of the Experimental Device shown in "Drawing #3". The exact amount of the
Charge is not important as there are more accurate means of determining the difference in the metals Emfs,
BACKGROUND
Jean Peltier (1800) discovered that different metals have different Ambient Charges. Thus, when they were isolated, a
Differential Voltage between the metals is developed. This Differential Voltage can be used to Charge a capacitor. He never
understood why there was a Differential Voltage, but he conducted many import experiments. He called it an Electron Gas.
He also, discovered that the Differential Voltage changes when the temperature changes. This is the principle that is used in the
Thermocouple.
THEORY
1. Metal Plates have Ambient Charges. Usually there is a slight difference in their Ambient Charges. The Ambient Charges are
known as Peltier's Electromotive forces. (Emf's). This is actually their Ambient Voltage.
2. When two Plates with different Ambient Voltages are connected, their Charges and Voltages are equalized by a flow of Orbital
Electrons from the Plate with the Higher Ambient Charge (#1) to the Plate with the Lower Ambient Charge (#2).. This flow of
Orbital Electrons continues until both Plates have a Charge equal to Plate #1's Ambient Charge.
3. The flow of Electrons between the two Plates operates as follows:
A. The Charge Electrons on Plate #1 are converted into Orbital Electrons, and flow from Plate #1 to Plate #2 as Orbital Electrons.
B. They are converted back into Charge Electrons at Plate #2.
C. Since the Electrons flow through Capacitor #3, the Orbital Electrons that flow into the Capacitor are not the same Orbital
Electrons that flow out. This is the action that Charges the Capacitor.
4. When both Plate's Charges are equalized, the Charges on Plate #2 will be increased to a Charge that is higher than its
Ambient Charge, and the Charge on Plate #1 will be reduced to a Charge that is lower than its Ambient Charge. The Capacitor is
partially charged. The following action will occur:
A. Plate #2 will be continually, slowly releasing Charge Electrons to the surrounding environment, because its Charge is now
higher than its Ambient Charge.
B. Plate #1 will be continually, slowly absorbing Charge Electrons from the surrounding environment, because its Charge is now
lower than its Ambient Charge.
C. Orbital Electrons will slowly flow from Plate #1 to Plate #2, as Charge Electrons are slowly released by Plate #2 and
absorbed by Plate #1. This will slowly increase the Charge on Capacitor #3.
D. Because the Orbital Electrons are flowing into the Capacitor are not the same ones that flow out of the Capacitor, the
Capacitor will gradually develop a Charge. The flow of Orbital Electrons will stop when the Capacitor's Charge is equal to
the difference in the two Plate's Ambient Charges. Thus, at equilibrium, the Capacitor's Charge will be equal to the
difference in the Plates' Emfs. The Charge on Plate #2 will be reduced to its Ambient Charge, and the Ambient Charge on
Plate #1 will be increased to its Ambient Charge.
At equilibrium, the Ambient Charge on Plate #2 plus the Capacitor's Charge will be equal to Plate #1's Ambient Charge. The
energy that produces the Capacitor's Charge is from the absorption of Ambient Heat Energy.
5. Capacitor #3 may be discharged by placing a voltmeter's leads across the positive and negative terminals of the Capacitor.
6. Because Electrons are flowing, and there are resistances, the Capacitor's Charge will always be slightly lower than the
difference in the Plates' Ambient Charges.
7. The only means of determining the actual difference in the Plate's Ambient Charges is by using extremely large areas and the
reverse Emf procedure.
EQUIPMENT
1. Plate #1 was an 8" x 12" x 1/4" Aluminum Plate. It has the higher Ambient Charge (Emf)
2. Plate #2 was a 6" x 12" x 3/16" thick Steel Plate. It has the lower Ambient
Charge (Emf).
3. Capacitor #3 had a capacitance of 0.1 uf. It was connected between Plate #1 & Plate #2.
4. Two Pole switch #4 allowed voltmeter #5 to be quickly connected across the Capacitor's terminals.
5. Voltmeter #5 had an impedance of approximately 100 megohms.
The room temperature was 22o C. plus or minus 1o C.
6. A cardboard box was placed over the Plates to eliminate the effects of light, and help maintain a constant temperature.
PROCEDURE
1. Switch #4 was left open for 10 minutes
2. The switch was closed and the initial voltage was noted. It varied from 40 mv. to 70 mv. The voltage decreased to zero in a
few seconds.
3. Steps #1 & #2 were repeated many times. The results were always the same.
4. The Direction of the Flow of Electrons was always from the Aluminum Plate to the Steel Plate.
SUMMARY
1. The fact that the Capacitor's initial voltage varied was not an important factor. If the size of the Plates had been extremely large
and the Capacitor's capacitance had been increased, there would have been much less variation in the initial voltages. The
important fact is that a Charge was always produced, and the Flow of Electrons was always from the Aluminum Plate to the Steel
Plate.
2. There is leakage in Capacitors, and since the rate of charging the Capacitor is slow, there is a point where the rate of
charging is equal to the rate of leakage. Thus, the Capacitor's initial Charge was much lower than the actual Difference in the
Plate's Ambient Charges.
3. This experiment led to the discovery of an improved means of transferring Charge Electrons from Plate #1 to Plate #2.
4. This is the most effective means of detecting and explaining Peltier's Emf.
5. "The Important Factors" are:
A. The voltage of the two Plates are equalized when they are connected.
B. The Plate (#2) with the lower Emf will release Charge Electrons to the surrounding environment, because its Charge has
been increased above its Ambient Charge.
C. The Charge Electrons that have been released by Plate #2 will be replaced by a flow of Electrons, from Plate #1, through the
Capacitor, to Plate #2.
D. The Electrons that flow out of the Capacitor are not the same ones that flow into the Capacitor. Thus, the Capacitor is
Charged as Electrons flow in and out of the Capacitor.
E. The releasing of Charge Electrons by Plate #2; the Absorbing of Charge Electrons by Plate #1; and the flow of Orbital
Electrons from Plate #1 to Plate #2 will stop when the Capacitor's Charge is equal to the Difference in the Plate's Emfs
F. Ambient Heat Energy is absorbed as Electrons flow into Plate #2. The amount of Ambient Heat that is absorbed is equal to
the amount of Electrical Energy stored in the Capacitor.
SECTION V
EXPERIMENT II
A MORE EFFICIENT MEANS OF UTILIZING PELTIER'S Emf
See "Drawing #4"
THEORY
1. Releasing and attracting Charge Electrons to and from the surrounding environment is slow because of the large distance to
the surrounding environment.
2. The same number of Charge Electrons are attracted to Plate #1 as are released from Plate #2. Therefore, if the Plate that is
releasing the Charge Electrons is close to the Plate that is attracting Charge Electrons, the Charge Electrons will be pushed
from one Plate and pulled to the other Plate. This will be much faster. The Plates should be placed parallel and as close
together as possible, without allowing Orbital Electrons to flow between the Plates.
3. Previous experiments indicate that Charge Electrons flow at a faster rate on the edges of dielectric materials and that there
are probably some dielectric materials that are more efficient than others. Therefore, if the Plates are separated by a Porous
Dielectric, the Charge Electrons will flow at a faster rate on the edges of the Porous Dialectic's holes.
4. There are two more factor that will significantly increase the rate of transferring Charge Electrons. They will not be disclosed
at this time. These are the factors that will make this Device into a Device that will economically convert Ambient heat Energy
directly into Electrical Energy. We need help!
5. Placing the Plates in a stack requires less room. Thus, large areas of Plates require only a few cubic feet.
DESCRIPTION & EXPLANATION OF EXPERIMENT #2"
The "Stack" consists of the following:
An 8" x 12" x 1/4" thick Aluminum Plate
Three layers of 9" x 13" nylon window screen. (0.010" thick)
A 6" x 12" x 3/16" thick Plate of cold rolled steel.
Three more layers of nylon screen
Another 8" x 12" x1/4" Aluminum Plate.
1/2" x 6" strips of Reynold's Aluminum Foil (#18) were placed between the Aluminum Plates and the Window Screen. 3"
extended to the outside. This produced a connection to the Aluminum Plates. The same technique was used to produce a
connection to the Steel Plate.
The Plates were connected to 0.1 uf Capacitor #3.
Two pole Switch #4 allowed the Capacitor's leads to be quickly connected to 100 megohm Voltmeter #5.
PROCEDURE AND TEST RESULTS
1. Switch #4 was left in the open position for 20 minutes.
2. When Switch #4 was closed, the Voltmeter had an initial reading of 450 mv.
3. Steps #1 & #2 were repeated many times. The initial voltage readings varied from
400 mv to 480 mv.
A SECOND EXPLANATION
See "Drawing #5". The Porous Dielectric has been eliminated for clarity.
This is another means of explaining the actions that occur in this configuration.
When the Plates were disconnected
1. When the Plates were disconnected each Plate was attempting to reach an equilibrium conditions with its Ambient Charge.
2. Both Plates were exerting an attraction force on Charge Electrons. At Common Equipotential Gradient #10, both Plates were
exerting an equal attraction forces on single Charge Electron #9.
3. Since the Aluminum Plate's Psaf's are stronger than the Steel Plate's, its attraction force for this single Charge Electron is
stronger than the Steel Plate's.
4. Since the attraction forces decreases as the distance increases, the Plate's attraction forces will be equal when the distance
of this Charge Electron is closer to the Steel Plate that to the Aluminum Plate. The position where the attraction forces are equal
is the Common Equipotential Gradient (CEG).
5. The Common Equipotential Gradient is always closer to the Plate with the weaker Psaf's.
When the Plates were connected by a Capacitor.
1. There was a flow of Orbital Electrons through the Capacitor that was attempting to equalize the Plate's Charges. The
Electrons that flowed out of the Capacitor were not the same Electrons that flowed into the Capacitor. This charged the
Capacitor.
2. The Aluminum Plate was attracting Charge Electrons to reach its Ambient Charge. The Steel Plate was releasing Charge
Electrons to reach its Ambient Charge. Thus, Charge Electrons were pushed from the Steel Plate and pulled to the Aluminum
Plate. They flowed on the edges of the dielectric spacer.
3. The flow continued until the Capacitor's Charge was equal to the difference in the Plate's Emfs.
4. Because of resistance's and other losses, the Capacitor's initial voltage reading will be less that the difference between the
two Plate's Emfs.
5. The Charge Electrons flowed at a much faster rate, through the Porous Dielectric, when the Steel Plate (the Plate with the
weaker Psaf's) was placed between two Aluminum Plates (the Plates with the stronger Psaf's). This appears to be because the
space between these two Plates is an isolated area and not influenced by the surrounding environment. This does not occur
when there is only one Aluminum Plate and one Steel Plate. This was a very important discovery.
6. The Charge Electron's kinetic energy is decreased as they flow from Steel Plate #8 to Common Equipotential Gradient #10.
Thus, Heat Energy is rejected.
7. The Charge Electron's kinetic energy is increased as they flow from Common Equipotential Gradient #10 to Aluminum Plate
#1. Thus, Heat Energy is absorbed.
8. The difference between the amount of Heat Energy that is absorbed and rejected is equal to the amount of Heat Energy
converted into electrical energy.
SUMMARY
1. The Capacitor's initial voltage reading was much higher than expected. This is because this is the first time the actual
difference between the two metal's Emfs has ever been measured. This is a scientific moment.
2. The operation of the Aluminum-Iron Thermocouple and other Thermocouples is explained in "Report WT-107". It completely
changes the "Theory of Thermocouples".
3. Using this Parallel Plates technique, and a reverse voltage technique is the most accurate means of measuring a metal's
actual Emf. Any other method would require extremely large areas of metal and a very carefully controlled environment. This is
the reason the initial voltage readings in the previous experiments varied.
4. Practically any Porous Dielectric material may be used to separate the Metal Plates. The Plates may even be separated by
using three small glass spacers. However, using a Porous Dielectrics causes the Charge Electrons to flow faster.
5. The fact that there was a voltage produced when using glass spacers, proves that the voltage was not produced by a
chemical action.
6. All of Peltier's measurements and theories were based on thermocouple experiments. He was totally committed to the belief
that the "Second Law of Thermodynamics" could not be violated. He maintained this belief even when he was conducting
experiments that were obviously violating the "Second Law".
7. When the Plates are connected, they are attempting to reach two conditions simultaneously.
A. They are attempting to maintain their Ambient Charges by releasing Charge Electrons from the Plate with the weaker Emf
(Steel Plate), and absorbing the Charge Electrons by the Plate with the stronger Emf (Aluminum Plate).
B. There is a Flow of Orbital Electrons that is attempting to equalize the Plate's Charges. Thus, there will be a small continuous
flow of Electrons
SECTION VI
EXPERIMENT IV
REPLACING PLATES #1 & #2 WITH THICK AND THIN PLATES OF THE SAME METAL
1. All of Peltier's experiments may be conducted using Thick and Thin Plates of the same metal. The major difference is that the
maximum Differential Ambient Charge that different metals will produce is approximately 1,000. mv. However, by decreasing the
thickness of the "Thin Plate" to a few nano thick, it is possible to increase the Differential Voltage to several thousand volts.
2. The Differential Ambient Charges using Thick and Thin Plates of the same metal will produce much higher voltages. It
appears that if the Thick Plate is 1/4" and the Thin Plate is approximately 200 nano-meters thick, the Differential Ambient
Charges could produce a differential voltage of 1,000 volts. Further reductions of the thickness of the Thin Plate and using the
optimum materials could produce an even larger Differential Voltage.
3. The Differential Voltage produced by Thick and Thin Plates increases exponentially as the thickness of the Thin Plate is
reduced. Thus, decreasing the thickness of the Thin Plate by 1/2 will increase the Differential Voltage by much more than twice.
4. The Differential Voltage produced vs. the thickness of the Thin Plate has been measured using the reverse Emf technique.
Also, there is a method of significantly increasing the rate of transferring Charge Electrons.
5. Placing the Thin Plate between two Thick Plates produces an improved results. It is believed that using two Thick Plates
eliminates outside interference. Thus, only the voltage produced by the difference between the Thick and Thin Plates Ambient
Voltages is measured.
SECTION VII
MEASURING THE DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE PRODUCED BY THICK AND THIN PLATES, OF THE SAME METAL, AT THE SAME
TEMPERATURE
See "Drawing #6"
OBJECTIVE
To measure the differential Ambient Voltages (Emfs) between a 1/4" Thick Aluminum Plate and various Thin Aluminum Plates.
THEORY
1. The Difference between the Plates Ambient Voltages may be measured by placing an adjustable reverse voltage between the
Plates. When the adjustable voltage is equal to the voltage produced by the Difference between the Plates Ambient Voltages,
there will be no flow Electrons through the Voltmeter. Thus, the Voltmeter will register zero volts. The Voltmeter must have a high
impedance and have a resolution of 0.1 mv or higher. This is essentially a Wheatstone Bridge.
2. Placing several Thick and Thin Plates in a Stack with Porous Dielectric spacers increased the rate of producing an electrical
voltage. This increased the accuracy of measuring of the Differential Voltage. The Thick Plates were connected in one parallel
group and Thin Plates were connected in another parallel group.
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
The differential voltage was produce by the following stack was measured as follows.
#1 - The Thick Plates consisted of 6 - 8" x 12" x 1/4" thick Aluminum Plates.
#2 - The Porous Dielectric was three layers of 9" x 13" x 0.010" thick standard window screen. This was a nylon material. Three
layers were placed on either side of the Thin Plates.
#3 - The Thin Plates consisted of 5 - 7 1/2" x 11" x various thickness of Aluminum. The various thickness tested were: 0.014";
0.0012"; 0.0009"; and 0.0003"
#4 - A 1/4" x 6" strip of aluminum foil. It was used as a connection to the Plates.
#5 & #6 were used to produce the "Reversal Voltages". This was essentially a "Wheatstone Bridge". #5 was a 1.5 volt battery.
#6 was a 0-10,000 ohm potentiometer.
#7- The direction of flow of the Battery's Orbital Electrons when unopposed.
#8 - The Net Direction of Flow of the Orbital Electrons
#9 - This digital voltmeter measured the "Reversal Voltage". The Flow of Electrons through this voltmeter was too small to
produce any significant effect. Thus, it could remain connected.
#10- This digital voltmeter had an impedance of 100 megohms and a resolution
of 0.1 mv. This was used to determine the Net Direction of the Flow of the Orbital Electrons
#11- A Switch that was used to "Short Out" the Flow of Orbital Electrons
PROCEDURE
1. The "Stack" was formed using the 1/4" Aluminum Plates and the 0.0003" thick Aluminum Foil.
2. The "Reverse Voltage" was adjusted by Potentiometer #6. An initial "Reversal Voltage" was selected.
3. Shunt #11 was closed for one minute to allow time for equalization.
4. When Shunt #11 was opened, the voltage of Voltmeter #10 would fluctuate for a few seconds, and then slowly began
producing either a positive or negative voltage.
A. If Voltmeter #10 slowly began producing a Negative Voltage, the "Reversal Voltage" was too high.
B. If the Voltmeter #10 slowly began producing a Positive Voltage, the "Reversal Voltage" was too low.
5. The "Reversal Voltage" was either increased or decreased, and Step #4 was repeated. This process was repeated until there
was no detectable voltage, when Shunt #11 was opened. At this setting, the voltage of Voltmeter #9 was equal to the voltage
produced by the Thick and Thin Plates.
6. It was necessary to "Short Out" Voltmeter #10 between measurements to save time. Without this shunt, it took hours to
determine whether the "Reversal Voltage" was too high or too low.
7. The first Thin Plates were replace by one of the other Thin Plates and the procedure was repeated.
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS
Thickness of the Thin Plate Voltage Produced
0.014" - Standard Aluminum Flashing 0.015 volts
0.0013" - Reynold's Heavy Duty Aluminum Foil 0.120 volts
0.0006" - Reynold's Standard Aluminum Foil 0.200 volts
0.0003" - Foil from sandwich wrap 0.400 volts
Note: The Differential Voltage increased exponentially as the thickness of the Thin Plate was reduced. A rough extrapolation of
these voltages indicates that if the thickness of the Thin Plate is reduced to 200 Nano-meters the Differential Voltage could be
1,000 volts or higher. Further reductions of the thickness could produce much higher Differential Voltages.
SECOND EXPERIMENT
1. All of the single 8" x 12" x 1/4" plates were replaced by 2 - 8" x 12" x 1/4" Plates. Thus, the Thick Plates were essentially 8" x
12" x 1/2" thick Plates.
2. The experiment was repeated in exactly the same manner.
RESULTS
All of the Differential Voltages were increased by between 30% and 40%. Thus, the 400 mv. (the thinnest plate) was increased to
560 mv.
Three and four stacks of the 8" x 12" X 1/4" Plates were tested, but there was no significant increase in the Differential Voltages.
NOTE: In earlier experiments there were a few failures because only two layers of Nylon Screen were used. Any moisture,
humidity, or foreign material would allow an extremely small Flow of Orbital Electrons from the Thick Plate to the Thin Plate
(Shorting). In the present experiments, three layer of Nylon Screen are used. This reduces the Flow of Charge Electrons
(Amperage), but does not effect the Differential Voltage. The three layers appear to have eliminated the "Shorting", but in areas
with high humidity, it could still be possible.
SECTION VIII
THE REASONS THIS IS NOT A "BATTERY ACTION"
The firm conviction that the "Second Law" could not be violated always had scientists trying to find some reason that Heat Energy
was not being directly converted into Electrical Energy.
The major response has been that the Differential Voltage was probably produced by a battery action due to the differences in the
metals or a chemical action between the metals and the dielectric materials. These are the reasons it is not:
1. A chemical action could never produce 0.560 volts using two metals that had only a slight difference in their alloys or physical
condition.
2. Over the years, the following Porous Dielectrics have been used:
Nylon Stockings; Nylon Screen; Wool Cloth; Silk Cloth; Paper Towels; Polyester Cloth; Felt Cloth; and several others. All of
these Porous Dielectrics functioned well. There appeared to be only a slight difference in their operation. The Nylon Screen was
one of the better materials.
3. An experiment using the "Stack" shown in "Drawing #6" was submerged in a flat glass container (3" deep) that was filled with
mineral oil. The Thin Plate was the 0.0003" thick foil. The mineral oil was used because it did not conduct Orbital Electrons.
The mineral oil eliminated any possibility of oxidation producing the electrical energy. The Oil did not effect the amount of
Electrical Energy that was produced.
4. The experiments, using two different metals at a constant temperature, are actually one half of a thermocouple. A chemical
action is not constant over a long period of time. Thus, if this were a chemical action, a Thermocouple's voltage would not be
constant over a long period of time. "Report WT-107" correctly explains Thermocouples. The "Present Theory" is completely
wrong because every scientist is complete convinced that the Thermocouple's voltage is produced by a flow of Electrons from a
higher temperature to a lower temperature. It absolutely had to comply with the "Second Law".
5. The Thick and Thin Plates, of the same metal, cannot be used as a thermocouple because the Difference in their Ambient
Voltages remains constant during a change in temperature. This is because the Thick and Thin Plates are the same metal. If
there is a change it is very slight. For a Thermocouple to operate there must be a Difference in the Difference between their
Ambient Charges that is produced by a change in temperature.
6. The fact that increasing the thickness of the Thick Plate by using two 1/4" thick Plates is proof that the Differential Voltage is
not produced by a slight chemical difference in the metals. The exact same metals were used in experiments with a single Thick
Plate and with the Double Thick Plates.
SECTION IX
MR. BUSHMAN'S DEVICE - PATENT #5,637,946
SHARP METAL POINTS AND THICK METAL PLATES
See "Drawing #7 - View 1"
At the same time we were working on the "Thick and Thin Plate Device", Mr. Bushman was working, independently, on his "Sharp
Points and Thick Plate Device". He discovered that "His Device" produced an extremely small amount of electrical energy.
However, The physical principle that allowed "His Device" to produce the electrical energy was never explained.
Sharp Points have weak Psaf's and Thick Plates have much stronger Psaf's. Thus, Thick Plate #1 has a stronger attraction force
for Charge Electrons than the Tips of the Sharp Points #3. In "Drawing #7 - View 1", the Tips of Sharp Points act the same as the
Thin Plates. Thus, the action of the "Thick Plates and Sharp Points" is exactly the same as the actions of the "Thick and Thin
Plates Device".
Since the Sharp Points are connected to Plate #4, the density of the Charge Electrons on the Tips #3 and the Plate #4 are the
same. Porous Dielectric #2 increases the rate of flow of Charge Electrons between the Tips and Thick Plate #1. Thus, the
difference between Psaf's of the Thick Plate #1 and the Tips' Psaf's are the controlling factor. The remainder of the Sharp Points
and Plate #4 act as a Charge reservoir.
The flow of Charge Electrons from the Tips decreases the voltage of Plate #4 and increases the Voltage of Plate #1. Thus, there
is a Differential voltage between Plate #4 and Plate #1 that produces a flow of Orbital Electrons through Voltmeter #6. If Voltmeter
#6 is disconnected, the flow of Charge Electrons will continue until the Differential Voltage is equal to the difference between the
Ambient Voltages of the Tips and Plate #1.
Decreasing the diameter of the Sharp Points and increasing the sharpness of the Tips decreases the Tip's Ambient voltage.
This increases the Plate's Differential Voltage.
When two Masses have a Differential Charge, there is an Attraction Force between the two Masses. Thus, there is a small
Attraction Force between Plate #1 and the Tips. Since there is a Porous Dielectric between them it cannot be detected. However,
it is a factor in the Gecko's ability to defy Gravity.
This is the beginning of Nanotechnology. The Sharp Points perform the same actions as the Thin Hairs on the Gecko's feet.
The Sharp Points have a lower Ambient Charge than the Thick Plates.
SECTION X
NANOTECHNOLOGY-WHY GECKO IS ABLE TO DEFY GRAVITY
See "Drawing #7 - View 2"
INTRODUCTION
1. The Gecko's Foot has millions of nano-diameter Hairs #12. Because of their minute diameter and Sharp Points, the Hairs
have very weak Psaf's. The Foot's Bottom becomes the equivalent of a Plate with very weak Psaf's.
2. When two Masses with different Psaf's touch, Charge Electrons flow between them until the difference in their Charges is
equal to the difference in their Psaf's. This is the same action as two metal Plates with different Psaf's. The only difference is that
it is unnecessary to separate them with Porous Dielectric Sheet.
CHARGING THE GECKO'S FOOT
1. The "Sharp Points and Thick Plate Device" demonstrated that Sharp Points have weak Psaf's.
2. It is only necessary for the Nano-diameter Hairs to touch Spot #13 with average Psaf's to start a flow of Charge Electrons.
When they touch, Charge Electrons will flow from the Mass with the weaker Psaf's to the Mass with the stronger Psaf's. They will
flow until the difference in their Charge is equal to the difference in the Masses' Psaf's. The foot will have a Positive Charge.
3. This flow will increase the Spot's Charge and decrease the Foot's Charge. Thus, it is necessary for the Foot to be moved to
many New Spots, for the Foot's Charge to be reduced to its maximum Positive Charge. It will leave a trail of Negatively Charged
Spots.
4. Since the Charge on all connected Masses are equal, the Legs and Body will have the same Charge as the Foot's Hair's.
Thus, Charge Electrons will flow from the Legs and Body to the Hairs. The Legs and Body will become a Positive Charge
Reservoir, which will help the Foot to maintain a Positive Charge as it moves to surfaces that have different Psaf's.
5. Once the Positive Charge has been developed, there will be an Attraction Force between the Hairs and practically all Surfaces.
6. The Body will slowly attract Charge Electrons from the surrounding environment. Thus, it will be necessary for the Gecko to
occasionally take a few steps to recharge its Positively Charged Reservoir.
7. The Nano-diameter Hairs have very weak Psaf's. Thus, the Differential Charge between the Foot and an average Surface
could be 1,000 volts or higher. The Attraction Forces between the Foot and an average Surface would be the same the Attraction
Force between a grounded Plate and a Plate with a 1,000 volt Positive Charge, when they are in close proximity.
EXPERIMENT I
Objective
1. To recreate the actions that produce an attraction between the Thin Hairs on a Geckos foot and a Spot.
2. To prove that decreasing the Tip's diameter increases the Attraction Forces between the Tips and most Surfaces
Equipment
1. Two nylon 1" paint brushes were used.
The Tips of the bristles of "Paint Brush A" had been crushed during manufacturing. This splits their ends into 4 or 5 strands.
Thus the last 1/2" of the bristles were half of the diameter of the upper bristles. This is similar to the hairs on a Gecko's foot. The
split bristles were approximately 0.002" in diameter. (0.051 mm)
The 1/2" Tips of "Paint Brush B" were cut off. Thus, their Tips were approximately twice the thickness of "Brush A". They were
approximately 0.005" in diameter.(0.127) mm).
2. An 8" x 1/4" strip of paper was hung by one end to the edge of a desk by Scotch Tape. This was the "Charge Meter".
3. Several materials were used to Charge the two Paint Brushes. A closely woven Wool Fabric proved to produce the "Brushes"
largest Positive Charge.
Procedure
1. Any existing Charge on the Tips of "Brush A" was removed by pressing the Tips against a large metal mass. The elimination
of the Charge was tested by placing the Tips close to the end of the Paper Strip. There was no attraction force between the Tips
and the Paper Strip.
2. The Tips of "Brush A" were stroked many times across the Wool Fabric.
3. The Tips were placed approximately 1/2" from the end of the Paper Strip. The Strip was immediately pulled against the Tips.
The Strip clung to the Tips as the distance was increased. There was a very strong attraction force between the Tips and the Strip.
4. Steps #1, #2 and #3 were repeated using "Brush B". There was only a very weak attraction for between the Tips and the Strip.
Conclusions
1. Decreasing the diameter of the Tips of the Bristles decreased the attraction forces for Charge Electrons. When the Tips were
stroked against a Material, that had strong Psafs, the Charge Electrons were pulled to the Material. More Charge Electrons were
pulled from "Brush A" than "Brush B", because the Tips of "Brush A" had weaker Psafs.
Both Bushes had Charge Electrons pulled from their surfaces, but "Brush A" had more Charge Electrons pulled from its surface
than "Brush B". "Thus, "Brush A's" Positive Charge was greater than "Brush B's" Positive Charge.
2. The attraction force between the Tips and the Paper Strip appeared to increase exponentially as the diameter of the Tips
decreased.
This same action occurs in "Mr. Bushman's Device" and "WT's Thick and Thin Plate Device". Experiments with the "WT Thick and
Thin Plate Device" indicate that the Differential Voltages increased exponentially as the thickness of the Thin Plate decreased.
3. It is not necessary to stroke the wool. The Brushes will transfer Charge Electrons by only touching an area, but stroking is
faster.
EXPERIMENT II
OBJECTIVE
Previous Experiments have proven that glass has very weak Psafs. Since a mass with stronger Psafs will pull Charge Electrons
from a mass with weaker Psafs, it was important to determine if a mass with very weak Psafs will pull Charge Electrons from
"Brush A". This will prove that the Thin Tips of "Brush A" has weaker Psafs than glass. Thus, if it is stroked against any surface, it
will become charged.
PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
1. "Brush A" was stroked many time against a large glass mirror. The "Brush" was then tested against the Paper Strip. The
"Brush" exerted a moderate attraction force.
2. "Brush B" was stroked many time against the large mirror. The "Brush" was then tested against the Paper Strip. There was no
observable attraction force between the Brush and the Paper Strip.
Conclusions
1. "Brush A" exerted a moderate attraction force for the Paper Strip. The Glass had pulled Charge Electrons from the "Brush". If
the Tips had been many times smaller in diameter the attraction force between the Tips and the Glass would have been much
stronger.
2. "Brush B" exerted practically no attraction force for the Paper Strip because its Tips were twice as large as "Brush A" Tips.
EXPERIMENT III
"Brush A" was stroked against every available surface and then tested against the Paper Strip. The surfaces included wood, an
Aluminum plate, nylon screen, a plastic bag, skin, and many more. In every test, "Brush A" had an attraction force for the Paper
Strip. Some surfaces produced stronger attraction forces than others.
The "Brush" was stroked against a large Green Leaf. There was no observable attraction force between the "Brush" and the
Paper Strip. However, when the "Brush" was stroked against the Wool Material and then tested against the Green Leaf, there
was a strong attraction force between the "Brush" and the Green Leaf. Thus, if the Gecko had first developed a strong Charge, it
would be attracted to the underside of Green Leaves for a period of time.
ADDITIONAL FACTOR
There is one other factor that will greatly increase the attraction forces between the Gecko's Foot and the Glass Plate. This
information is presently being withheld.
SECTION XI
A CRITIQUE ON THE "SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS"
Since the discoveries in This Report violate the "Second Law of Thermodynamics" is only proper to explain the "Law".
The "Second Law of Thermodynamics" states, "Electrical Energy or Mechanical Energy may be converted directly into Heat
Energy, but this is a non-reversible process. Thus, the Heat Energy cannot be converted directly back into Electrical or
Mechanical Energy."
Fifty years ago, the study of the Second Law was usually introduced by this disclaimer: "The Second Law is based only on the
fact that there has never been an experiment that violates the Law. When an experiment violates the Second Law, it will no
longer be valid".
Since the Second Law has not been violated for over 200 years, it has been assumed that it never will be. Thus, the disclaimer
has been dropped. However, it still applies.
SECTION XII
A FEW ADDITIONAL DISCOVERIES
"Report WT-105" - Changing the Charge on a metal changes its Modulas of Elasticity and Ultimate Strength.
"Report WT-108" - How Black Holes are produced.
"Report WT-109" - A list of Devices that will convert Ambient Heat Energy directly into Electrical or Mechanical Energy. It is import
to examine these as only the most efficient Device will have economic value.
"Report WT-111" - The correct Theory of the "Van de Graaff Generator"
"Report WT-114" - A tube filled with sand and water; A baked potato; frozen saw dust and water, all operate in the same as the
Antimony-Bismuth Thermocouple. This explains why a mixture of "Saw Dust and Water" melts very slowly.
"Report WT-115" - A completely new Theory of the Capacitor.
"Report WT-116" - The correct operation of "Dr. Patterson's Power Cells", and why they violated the "Second Law".
"Report WT-117" - "The Moon Wobbles". Galileo discovered that the Moon wobbles up and down and from side to side. Also,
"One Face" is always facing the Earth. This is because the center of the Attraction Forces between Moon and Earth are closer to
the Earth than the center of the Centrifugal Forces, that keep the Moon in orbit. Thus, there is a lever arm that keeps the "One
Face" always facing the Earth. This has academic value only, but it appears to be one more proof of the "WT-Theory". It may
effect the "The Present Theory of Gravity".
Once the "WT-Theory" is accepted, everything falls into place.
SECTION XIII
TWO ADDITIONAL REPORTS THAT ARE AVAILABLE
Report "WT-106" - "HOW LIGHTNING STRIKES ARE PRODUCED"
When the Water Droplets, in a cloud, are evaporated into Vapor Molecules, the density of their surrounding Ambient Electron
Charge is reduced. Thus, when they are evaporated many Charge Electrons are released. This produces a Negative Charge in
the surrounding Water Droplets.
When the Vapor Molecules, in a cloud, are condensed into Water Droplets, the density of their surrounding Ambient Electron
Charge is increased. Thus, when they are condensed, many Charge Electrons are absorbed from the surrounding Water
Droplets. This produces a Positive Charge in the surrounding Water Droplets.
The clouds have a continual circulation of Water Droplets to Vapor Molecules and back to Water Droplets. At the bottom of a
cloud, the Water Droplets are evaporated into Vapor Molecules, and at the top of the cloud, the Vapor Molecules are condensed
back into Water Droplets. This action continually transfers Charge Electrons from the cloud's top to its bottom. Thus, the
circulation eventually produces a large Positive Charge at the cloud's top, a large Negative Charge at the cloud's bottom.
A large Positive Charge increases the Vapor Molecule's condensation temperature. When a lightning strike transfers Charge
Electrons from the Negatively Charged bottom to the Positively Charged top, the Positive Charge is reduced. This decreases the
Vapor Molecules' condensation temperature. When the Vapor Molecules' condensation temperature is reduced, they condense
into Water Droplets. Thus, rain usually following lightning strikes.
Report WT-106 contains experiments that verify that changing an area's Ambient Charge changes the condensation temperature
of the area's Vapor Molecules
Report "WT-107" THE ACTIONS THAT PRODUCE A THERMOCOUPLE.
"Section IV" explain how a Bimetal Junction absorbs Ambient Heat Energy and converts it into Electrical Energy. The
Thermocouple is actually two of these Junctions. One Junction occurs at a higher temperature and the other Junction occurs at a
lower temperature.
There is usually a difference in the Junctions' Ambient Differential Voltages. The Junction that has the largest Ambient
Differential Voltage determines the direction of flow of the Orbital Electrons. At this Junction, Heat Energy is directly converted into
Electrical Energy. Since the Direction of Flow of the Orbital Electrons at the other Junction is in the opposite direction, it converts
Electrical Energy into Heat Energy. Thus, one Junction converts Heat Energy into Electrical Energy and the other Junction
converts a smaller amount of Electrical Energy into Heat Energy. The amount of Electrical Energy produced is the difference
between the amount of Electrical Energy produced, at one Junction, and the amount of Electrical Energy converted into Heat
Energy at the other Junction.
THE "PRESENT THEORY"
It appears that all Thermocouples have a "Reversal Temperature". At operating temperatures above the "Reversal Temperature",
the direction of the Flow of Orbital Electrons is in one direction, and at temperatures below the "Reversal Temperature" the Flow
of Orbital Electrons is in the opposite direction. The "Present Theory" is that Heat Energy is always produced by a flow of Heat
Energy from the Hot Junction to the Cold Junction. Thus, there is some change in the metal's structures that causes the Flow of
Orbital Electrons to reverse. This has never been logically explained. The flow of Heat Energy from the Hot Junction to the Cold
Junction is not the reason Electrical Energy is produced.
THE "WT THEORY" OF THE THERMOCOUPLE
Heat Energy is always produced by a Flow of Electrons from the metal with the stronger "Protons Surplus Attraction Forces"
(Psafs) to the metal with the weaker Psafs. This is explained in "Section IV". The Direction of the Orbital Electron's Flow is
determined by the Junction that has the larger Ambient Differential Voltage.
Experiments have proven that the larger Ambient Differential Voltage occurs at the Hot Junction when the operating temperature
is above the Reversal Temperature and at the Cold Junction when the operating temperature is below the Reversal
Temperature. Thus, Heat Energy is absorbed at the Hot Junction when the operating temperature is below the Reversal
Temperature and at the Cold Junction when the operating temperature is above the Reversal Temperature. This is the reason
for the reversal of the Direction of the Flow of Electrons.
THE COPPER-IRON THERMOCOUPLE
In the Copper-Iron Thermocouple, Heat energy is always converted into Electrical Energy when the Flow of Orbital Electrons is
from Iron to Copper. The "Reversal Temperature" is 372o C. At temperatures below the "Reversal Temperature", more
Electrical Energy is produced at the Cold Junction than at the Hot Junction, and at temperatures above the "Reversal
Temperature", more Electrical Energy is produced at the Hot Junction. The Junction that produces the larger amount of Electrical
Energy determines the Direction of Flow of the Orbital Electrons.
At temperatures above the "Reversal Temperature" the Flow of Electrons is from Iron to Copper at the Hot Junction. Thus, this is
the Junction that converts Heat Energy into Electrical Energy.
At temperatures below the "Reversal Temperature" the Flow of Electrons is from Iron to Copper at the Cold Junction. Thus, this
is the Junction that converts Heat Energy into Electrical Energy.
THE ANTIMONY-BISMUTH THERMOCOUPLE
The Antimony-Bismuth Thermocouple's Junction's Differential Voltages are extremely large. Also, the Thermocouple is usually
operated at temperatures below its Reversal temperature. Thus, Heat Energy is converted into Electrical Energy at the Cold
Junction and Electrical Energy is converted into Heat Energy at the Hot Junction.
Because of these two factors, a small amount of dc input will cause more Heat Energy to be absorbed at the Cold Junction than
flows from the Hot Junction. Thus, this Thermocouple will produce a Cold Junction that is 30o C. or more lower than the Ambient
Temperature.
Report "WT-107" completely explains the Operation of Thermocouples and contains experiments that verify the WT Theory. The
Present Theory of the operation of Thermocouples is incorrect.
SECTION XIV
SUMMARY
Since scientist have started Nanotechnology Research, there have been many articles and TV programs on the subject. It has
been confirmed that the reason Geckos; ants; spiders; and other insects are able to defy gravity is due to the Attraction Forces
between the nano-diameter hairs on their feet and most surfaces. They have also discovered that it is an electrical Attraction
Force. However, no one understands how the Attraction Force works. This, is a mystery and will remain a mystery until
scientists accept the "WT-Theory". The basis for the WT-Theory is that Charge Electrons are Pulled to a Masses' surface not
Pushed. This change in Theory explains practically everything. The government has allocated one billion dollars to
Nanotechnolgy research. If scientist continue to only consider the Present Theory, this money will be wasted.
Because of all the interest in Nanotechnogy, it has been targeted as a means of attracting scientist's interest in the "WT-Theory".
The acceptance of the WT-Theory will result in many valuable discoveries. Some will have academic value only, while many will
have great economical value. The primary discovery will be a Device that will economically convert Ambient Heat Energy directly
into Electrical Energy. WT has plans for several Devices that need to be researched.
SECTION XV
FINAL
I am no longer able to continue this research. Thus, this is a "Last Ditch" effort to interest someone. I want pass on all of my
discoveries. It will probably require several months to review and updated 25 years of work. I don't want it to be lost.
It is important to conduct the "Thick and Thin Plate Experiments" using a much thinner "Thin Plate". This will produce a
Differential Voltage that is too high to be produced by any other means. The present 0.560 mv should be sufficient to prove ii is
not a chemical action, but it is possible to produce an even larger Differential Voltage.
There is a procedure that greatly increases the Flow of Electrons. Thus, all that is necessary to economically convert Ambient
Heat Energy directly into Electrical Energy is to produce nano-thick metal sheets (this I need), and increase the Flow (this I have).
However, the Device based on the "Van der Graaff Generator" may be more economical.
I am prepared to conduct several of these experiments. I am also available to explain the "Reports" by phone or Email.
I am only interested in revealing my discoveries to someone that has the resources and interest to continue my research.
Together, we will perfect the Device that will economically convert Ambient Heat Energy into Electrical Energy. It is almost
completed.
If you have an affiliation with a research center, please include this in your request for additional information.
It is absolutely essential to accept the Theory that there is "One Process" that violates the "Second Law".
Fred G. Westlund
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